Fidel Castro Led The Cuban Revolution - 1106 Words

For centuries, Cuba s greatest resource has been its people. - Pico Iyer Nearly fifty-five years ago, an embargo was placed on Cuba, halting all trade between the two countries. Fidel Castro led the Cuban Revolution, which began in July of 1953, leading to their victory and the previous leader, Fulgencio Batista, surrendering from his position. Castro was an American friend and had gained a great deal of support from Cuban citizens with his promises to restore basic, essential liberties. Castro later began to stray from these promises, starting by nationalizing American businesses within Cuba following by presenting anti-American behavior. In 1960, he initiated talks with the Soviet Union and began to progress toward communism, leading to America creating the embargo in 1961. The embargo was mainly put in place to contain the spread of communism to other South American countries. The terms to lift the embargo included, the discontinuation of their communist ways and move toward democracy, and to improve the freedom of the individuals whom live on the isla nd. These have both yet to have happened, yet fifty-four years later, the embargo is still firmly in place. Lifting the embargo can fix issues related to the Cuban people, it can bring countless trade opportunities, and it can push for positive changes in Cuba. Therefore, the United States should lift the embargo on Cuba. In light of the Cuban embargo, it is easy to see that it is hurting the citizens of Cuba. CubansShow MoreRelatedFidel Castro Led The Cuban Revolution934 Words   |  4 PagesNearly fifty-five years ago, an embargo was placed on Cuba, halting all trade between the two countries. Fidel Castro led the Cuban Revolution, which began in July of 1953, leading to their victory and the previous leader, Fulgencio Batista, being driven out of his position. Castro had gained a lot of support from Cuban citizens with his promises to restore political and civil liberties. Castro later began to stray from these promises, starting by nationalizing American businesses within Cuba andRead MoreTo What Extent Was Brutality Used by Fidel Castro During the Cuban Revolution1440 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"A revolution is not a bed of roses ... a revolution is a struggle to the death between the future and the past.† – Fidel Castro, 1961. This statement was certainly true for Fidel Castro and his revolutionaries during the Cuban Revolution, an armed revolt that took place between July 26th 1953 and January 1st 1959, which ended successfully. During this revolt, many of Fidel Castro’s fellow revolutionaries were killed in this process of violent revolution (My Life, p133, 2006). However, Castro andRead MoreThis Chapter Will Serve To Outline The Cuban Revolution1310 Words   |  6 PagesThis chapter will serve to outline the Cuban revolution and its impact on social movements in Latin America and around the world. The two key leaders of the Cuban Revolution was Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. Their rhetoric is still regarded as inspiration to many around the world. This chapter will look at their goals and mobilization of the Cuban Revolution with emphasis on the importance of their discourse. The symbolism of Che Guevara that the revolution brought to the forefront of the imaginationsRead MoreFidel Castro Is Alive1443 Words   |  6 Pages Upon his release, Castro went to Mexico where he spent the next year organizing the 26th of July Movement, which was based on the date of the failed Santiago de Cuba barracks attack. On December 2, 1956, Castro and the rest his fellow rebels of the 26th of July Movement landed on Cuban soil with the intention of starting a revolution. They were only met with the welcome of heavy Batista defenses, causing nearly everyone in the Movement to be killed. Barely anyone escaped, and those who did whichRead MoreRevolution Is Not A Bed Of Roses2053 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Revolution is not a bed of roses. Revolution is a battle between the future and the past,† spoken by Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz, on January 5, 1961 at Havana. Revolution is a strife Castro is very familiar with, especially the Cuban Revolution where he played a main part in that â€Å"battle between the future and the past†. Other than Fidel Castro, Fulgencio Batista also played a substantial role in the Cu ban Revolution. Furthermore, the U.S. relations with Batista and Castro, as well as Batista’s priorRead MoreCub A Political Leader Of Cuba1707 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A revolution is a struggle to the death between the future and the past.† Fidel Castro has had a tremendous impact on Cuba. Castro was a political leader of Cuba (1959–2008) who transformed his country into the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere. Castro became a symbol of communist revolution in Latin America. Before Fidel Castro took rein Cuba was the island of sin, a society consumed by the illnesses, gambling, the Mafia, and prostitution. In 1969 Cuba changed drastically, but stillRead MoreFidel Castro : Hero Or Villain1323 Words   |  6 PagesFidel Castro a Hero or Villain The time of the Cuban Revolution was a great deal of turmoil, not just in Cuba but in almost every corner of the world. It was 1945, shortly after the end of World War Two, the Cold War was taking off between the United States and the Soviet Union. Cuba, in the middle of its own war, was caught up in the international politics of the Cold War. The interaction between international and domestic politics played a major role in the outcome of the revolution. The resultRead MoreLa Historia Me Absolvera also known as History Will Absolve Me1112 Words   |  5 PagesThe time of the Cuban Revolution involved a great deal of turmoil for Cuba as well as other countries around the world. In 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, the Cold War was taking off between the United States and the Soviet Union.1 Cuba was in the middle of its own war, the revolution, when they caught up in the international politics of the Cold War. The interaction between international and domestic politics p layed a major role in the outcome of the revolution. The result of theRead MoreFidel Castro And The Cuban Revolution1367 Words   |  6 PagesOn January 8th, 1959, Fidel Castro and his rebel army marched triumphantly into Havana, Cuba, having overthrown corrupt dictator Fulgencio Batista the week earlier. It was the fruition of the Cuban Revolution, and the dramatic shift in power was about to radically alter the country’s political, social and economic course forever. The positive and negative effects of the revolution on the Cuban people, however, as well as the condition of Cuba’s economy pre and post-revolution, is subject to heatedRead MoreFidel1450 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership - Assignment Fidel Castro is one of the most recognizable leaders in world history. He led Cuba as Prime Minister and, subsequently, as President for almost fifty years. He was born and raised upper-middle class as his father was a very successful farmer and did quite well for himself and his family. There were several key events that led to Castro’s rise as a powerful leader and shaped him into the man who successfully led the Cuban revolution. First of all, although he benefited

Conflict Between Equity And The Common Law - 1188 Words

2. The conflict between equity and the common law 2.1. The conflict before the Earl of Oxford case in 1615 The establishment of the Court of Chancery created the situation in which there were two separated systems of courts in the English common law and two distinct jurisdictions of these systems as well. In the relation with the legal proceedings of the common law courts, the Court of Chancery have three kinds of jurisdiction, these are the exclusive, concurrent and auxiliary jurisdictions. As mentioned above, the exclusive jurisdiction gave the Court of Chancery a hand to confront cases which did not fall within the scope of the common law jurisdiction. In other words, the Court of Chancery, going along with its equitable jurisdiction, was the unique judicial institution that had capacity to arrange justice reliefs. Since issues could not be resolved in the common law courts, when the Court of Chancery carried out its exclusive jurisdiction to resolve these cases, it decisions had hardly conflict with the common law courts. Neve rtheless, there were some cases whose facts fell within both of the common law and equity jurisdictions, these cases laid under the concurrent jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery and they led to the situation in which both the Court of Chancery and the common law courts delivered their own reliefs. However, the Chancellor, some time, seemingly convinced the litigants to exercise his decisions, rather than the common law judgments because heShow MoreRelatedEquity Plays An Important Role For The Common Law758 Words   |  4 PagesEquity plays an important role in the common law which will be explained in this essay. It’s foundational principles derive from philosophy and ethics as well as from political and religious background. To understand specific nature and extent it operates in the modern world it would be necessary to look how it developed over the centuries in the UK. In the 13th century’s England, the common law courts operated through the Court of Common Pleas and the King’s Bench and could only offer a limitedRead MoreLaw and Equity1597 Words   |  7 PagesLaw and Equity Essay (a) Outline the development of common law and equity. There was no system of law in England and Wales before 1066, as it was mainly based on customs which were just rules of behaviour and the other used to be the decisions of judges. The law in England and Wales built over the centuries. There were various methods of creating laws which were called â€Å"sources of law†. However, in the 18th Century Parliament became more powerful which lead the Acts of Parliament (statues) toRead MoreThe Principle Of Equity Within The World Of Doctrine, Not Of Neat And Tidy Rules1473 Words   |  6 PagesEquity is a source of law which is based on flexible principles to supplement the common law, and thereby alleviating the harshness. Lord Scarman once described the principle of equity in National Westminster Bank PLC v Morgan as a ‘world of doctrine, not of neat and tidy rules’ which emphasises its rigidity nature to provide its flexibility. As Alastair Hudson noted , many different doctrines fit inside English equity which intro duce a more systematic approach to the common law. It is importantRead MoreCommon Law and Equity Essay1133 Words   |  5 PagesCommon Law and Equity Inconsistent to draw up the relationship between common law and equity, we firstly have to define what is common law? What are the defects of common law, and to what extend equity have been created. From the development of common law and equity, what has been the effects of the Judicature Acts 1873-1875? What are the equitable maxims that are needed to be satisfied? What areRead MoreCommon Law and National Consumer Law1567 Words   |  7 Pagesdid common law become so rigid and inflexible? Answer: By the reign of henry II, the practice of sending the royal justice throughout the country â€Å"on circuit† began to result in fairly uniform body of law developing around the country- the common law. The judges were assisted in finding an agreement among them by keeping records known as plea rolls. They set out not only the facts of each case and judgement, but often the reasoning behind the judgement, in much the same way as the modern law reportsRead MoreBusiness Management Exam Essay1476 Words   |  6 PagesQUESTION 1 Assuming that managers don’t make the same decisions as shareholders/owners, the conflict between shareholders and managers is identical to conflict arising when a principle hires an agent to take actions on the principal behalf, but these decisions are not profit maximizing for principals but are based on opportunistic (self-interest) behavior of agents. In public corporations we face an additional agency problem, in which top executives are not hired by shareholders but by a boardRead MoreLaw of Contract Essay1349 Words   |  6 PagesLaw of Contract Kajai, a cafà © proprietor hired a dish washing machine from Long for use in the cafà © at a rental of $10 per week. In January 1991, the local council began extensive roadworks outside the cafà © which made it difficult for people to get to the cafà © and Kajai’s business was seriously affected. At Kajai’s request Long agreed to reduce the rental to $1 per week for 3 months. By the end of the 3 months, the roadworks had been completed but Kajai’s cafà ©Read MoreHuman Rights Trials And Truth Commissions882 Words   |  4 PagesBooth Walling vehemently oppose the impression that transitional societies are obligated with selecting between ‘truth’ and ‘justice’, especially that truth commissions are an executable surrogate strategy to human rights trials. They advocate for a conjunctive application of ‘truth’, through truth commissions, and ‘justice’, through human rights trials, for engineering a sterling post-conflict society. Sikkink and Booth Walling further affirm against transitional justice mechanisms being a dichotomyRead MoreAn Explanation Of A Case On The Law Of The Existence Of An Agreement Between The Testator And The1337 Words   |  6 PagesTo deny the existence of an agreement between the testator and the intended trustee would be to commit a fraud, and, providing the trust complies with the requisite conditions, unrealistic to uphold a strict reading of statute to allow the trust to fail. As previously stated, another equitable principle says ‘equity follows the law’ – in the event of conflict, equity may circumvent the common law but it does not seek to override it. It only intervenes if there is a risk of an unconscionable resultRead MoreThe European Union ( Eu )861 Words   |  4 PagesBelgium and Luxembourg. Its initial rationale was that the previous two European wars had been due to economic competition between nations, and then this thus caused overly aggressive fear of the territorial aspirations of neighbouring nations. . Many influential politicians believed that the peaceful pacification of the states would fade away the nationalistic conflict, and thus Robert Schuman, who was the time s current French Foreign Minister, drew up the Schuman Plan, which was an imposition

Marketing & Entrepreneurship Woolworths †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Entrepreneurship Woolworths. Answer: Introduction Marketing can be defined as a business function that deals with the customer. It aims at creating, communicating and delivering superior value to the consumer. It enhances customer relationship to create mutual benefit for the companies and customers. Amarketing plan can be described as a comprehensive document containing information about marketing objectives, current opportunities and threats in the marketing, trends prevailing in the market and intended marketing strategy of the firm. The knowledge gained from the market analysis should be demonstrated in the marketing plan of the firm (Kotler, et al., 2015). This report analyses key aspects of the marketing plan of the supermarket division of Woolworth Group Australia.s Company Background Products description Woolworths Australia is one of the leading companies in Australia. It has the presence over Australian and News land markets. The company was established in 1924 by Percy Christmas, Stanley Chatterton, George Street, Cecil Scott Waine and Ernest Williams. Woolworth group own some of the most trusted brands in the nation. These brands are majorly classified under three segments Woolworths food group, endeavour drinks and portfolio business. The company has a team of 205,000 members to serve approximately 29 million customers worldwide (Woolworths, 2017). Woolworths supermarket is a major business division of the company, with 955 stores in the largest supermarket chain in the country. The company provides fresh foods to customers with partnering from Australian farmers and growers (Woolworths, 2017). The supermarket consists of a variety of products. Major product segmentation of the company includes fruits vegetables, meat seafood, bakery products, dairy products eggs, pantry, fre ezer, drinks, liquor, tobacco, pet, baby, health beauty and household (Woolworths, 2017).The company keeps on upgrading project portfolio satisfying its customers. SWOT analysis SWOT can be defined as strategic analysis and strategy development framework. SWOT stands for strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats (Ferrell and Hartline, 2010). SWOT analysis for Woolworth is done as follows: Strengths The key strengths of the company are listed as follows: Established in Australia since a very long time Woolworths is present in the Australian markets for over 90 years. It is the major strength of the company. Being the market player since a long time the company holds details about Australian markets and consumers. Talented Skilled workforce The company has a strong database of a talented workforce. It has a team of around 205,000 skilled and talented employees. Good Reputation The company has a well-developed brand image. Woolworths is a popular name in Australian households. The companys objective to provide fresh food produced by locals also adds to the brand recognition of the company. The company is also engaged in various CSR activities for the development of communities, which lays a positive impact on the brand image of the company. Big market share Woolworths and Coles are two major market players of the Australian markets. They occupy almost 80 per cent of the market together in the year 2013 (Mortimer, 2013). It is a kind of duopoly in the Australian markets. Wide variety of products and services The company has a diverse product portfolio that it offers to the customers. It keeps on making alternations to the product and services according to the changes in customer preferences. Weakness Although the company does not have many weaknesses few weaknesses of the company are listed below: Less international exposure The company has presence only in Australian and News land markets. In todays globalized world the company lacks international exposure. The companys entry into online markets was late The companys entry into online markets was very late. This led the firm losing its competitive advantage. Large scale operations slowed the process of change As the firm grew in size it became difficult to implement changes. The process of implementing changes slowed down because now the firm has a larger area to implement those changes. Opportunities The opportunities presented in an external environment that company can grasp are listed below: Expansion opportunities in the international market The companies have opportunities for further expansion in international markets. The markets of countries with emerging economy provide the firm with great opportunities. Asian countries China and India are among the most attractive options to the countries for expansion. According to the reports, the company has identified these opportunities and looking for the expansion (Williams, 2013). Company can opt for better strategic alternatives The company can opt for better strategic alternatives to strengthen the online retail segment and customer base. The online retailing segment of the company in Australian markets in under penetrated and needs improvements. This segment holds high growth potential. Threats The major threats that exist in external markets of the company are: Increased competition New market players have entered Australian markets. Aldi is a major company that is given tough competition to Woolworths and Coles. The government is also not in the favor of duopoly, thus trying to reduce entry barriers I the industry. The current policy of government will increase the competition in Australian markets. Economic down turns in Australia In the recent times, the Australian economy is facing downturns. It has resulted in reducing the buying power of the customer. The Australian customer is becoming more prices sensitive. This can result in reducing profit margins for the company. Marketing objectives Marketing objectives are a part of the marketing plan. These are the goals that marketing plan aims to achieve (Ritter, 2014). The firm has two broad marketing objectives: The company aims to deliver fresh foods to its customers produced by local farmers and manufacturers. The company has an objective that its customer places it at first position (Woolworth, 2017). Target Market The target market of the firm is the focused that segments that firm selects for catering. A firm divides its market into various segments. It cannot satisfy and cater the needs of each segment; therefore it is important for the firm to select the few segments towards which it can aim its marketing efforts. These selected segments are known as target markets (Boone and Kurtz, 2015). Woolworths market consists of B2B customers. It tries to cater the needs of households of all the age groups. The targeted customer base of the company demands products for daily needs. They do not want to spend much time on choosing regular products. The target market needs easy and comfortable shopping experience. The company aims to deliver fresh food products to its target market segment. Marketing strategy The company adopts various strategies to increase its market share. Some of the strategies are discussed here. Advertisements of offers and promotion of the products by celebrities helped the firm to expand its market share (Weebly, 2017). This strategy has helped the company in past but recently the company has adopted a fresh approach to its marketing strategy. The company has decided to advertise covering the massive media platform including all types of media to reach 80 per cent of the grocery buyers in Australia within the week. The uniqueness in the strategy is that the firm has now decided to advertise from customers perspective rather than the companys perspective. They have started using consumers language and changed the name to Woolies from Woolworths for advertising. The marketing strategy of the firm aims to create emotional connections with the people. The marketing strategy is the firm is not only price focused. It aims to demonstrate a brand image that delivers quali ty and convenience at low prices. It displays itself as a brand that works for the betterment of the communities. This fresh approach in the marketing strategy has been adopted by intensive research on the customers and markets (Canning, 2016). According to the report of AFN (2015) marketing strategy of Woolworths Australia focuses on three key aspects Improving the offer that company provides to customers so that the consumers keep the company their first choice. Growth by innovating the products and services to meet the changing needs of customers The next focus is on further enhancing the value provided to the customer by implementing the Lean Retail model. Overall the companys marketing strategy will now focus on providing more innovation and better compelling offers to the customers at lower prices. Marketing Mix Marketing mix of the company can be defined as the set of marketing tools that are used to seek desired responses from the target market. There are basically four elements of the marketing mix product, price, place, and promotion (Khan, 2014). Product Woolworth super market has a diverse product portfolio. It focuses mainly on the grocery products. The firm not only provides a variety of products but also provides the quality products to the consumers. The major product segments of the supermarket are fruits vegetables, meat seafood, bakery products, dairy products eggs, pantry, freezer, drinks, liquor, tobacco, pet, baby, health beauty and household. The company aims to provide fresh foods to its customers by partnering with local manufacturers and farmers. Price Previously the firm has a duopoly in the market, so the prices were bit high. According to the recent changes in the study, the firm has decided to keep its prices low for attracting more customers and remain in the completion. Recently entered market players have kept their prices low therefore the firm was losing its market share. So the firm decided to adopt the strategy of competitive prices (Mitchell, 2015). Place As per the place the firm has a strong presence in the Australian markets. It has around 995 stores across Australia. It also provides the facility of online shopping. This helps the firms to reach every potential customer across the nation. The company also has a world class supply chain that ensures timely availability of the products. Promotion Promotion is the key marketing tool of the company. The firm has an effective promotion mix. It uses every kind of media platform for promoting its products. The company also launches various time to offers to attract the customers. Recent evidence show that the company is including digital marketing as a part of its product mix. Recommendations Recommendations for Woolworth Australia are given below: After analyzing the recent trends in the Australian markets it can be suggested to the firms should keep a close eye on its competitor. It should analyze every activity of its competitors and frame its strategy accordingly The firm must aim to cut the cost in any manner to sustain the competitive advantage in the market. The firm can cut the cost by mass production or acquisitions. They should also effectively communicate the message of lower prices to its customers. The firm should analyze opportunities in markets other than Australia. International expansion can create a backup for the firm if it faces the downfall in Australian markets. It should focus on utilizing technology in its operations. Technology based technological options such as Big Data analytics, accounting software packages and stock management software can increase the efficiency of the firm. It will also reduce the need for human staff so they can be utilized The company should also provide training to its employees so that they contribute to making customers shopping experience easy and relaxing. Conclusion It can be concluded that company has a big established player in Australian markets. Its core businesses are divided into three major segments Woolworths food group, endeavor drinks, and portfolio business. The focus of the report is in the supermarket segment of the company. The company held a dominant position in the market along with its competitor Coles. But recent changes in government policy have resulted in the removal of entry barriers in the industry. This has increased the competition in for the firm in the industry. It has been noticed that firm is losing its market share. The key arising competitor for the firm is Aldi. Aldi is the growing firm in Australian markets snatching the market share from Coles and Woolworth. Aldi is successful in doing so because of its lower prices. To deal with the changes the firm has also shifted the focus of its marketing strategy towards providing innovative products to the customers at lower prices. The firms major strength is that it is an old established brand name in the Australian market and holds details about Australian markets. The company also has a well-developed marketing mix. Few recommendations are also suggested for the firm to grow in coming future. References AFN, 2015. Woolworths announces new strategies to win over grocery shoppers AFN reveals full detail, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/2015/05/06/woolworths-announces-new-strategies-to-win-over-grocery-shoppers-afn-reveals-full-detail.html Boone, L.E. and Kurtz, D.L., 2015.Contemporary marketing. Cengage learning. Canning, S., 2016. Its all about the customer: Woolworths top marketer on its new brand campaign, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://mumbrella.com.au/woolies-marketer-says-refresh-380223 Ferrell, O.C. and Hartline, M., 2010.Marketing strategy. Cengage Learning. Holden, R., Carmignani, F., Dixon, J., Guest, R., and Makin, T., 2015. Australias economy is slowing: what you need to know. The Conversation, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://theconversation.com/australias-economy-is-slowing-what-you-need-to-know-47036 Khan, M.T., 2014. The concept of'marketing mix'and its elements (a conceptual review paper).International journal of information, business and management,6(2), p.95. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L. and Armstrong, G., 2015. Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Mitchell, S., 2015. Woolworths kicks off new marketing campaign. The Sydney Moring Herald, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/woolworths-kicks-off-new-marketing-campaign-20151019-gkd4dl.html Mortimer, G., 2013. FactCheck: do Coles and Woolies control 80% of the market?, The Conversation, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://theconversation.com/factcheck-do-coles-and-woolies-control-80-of-the-market-15418 Rice, J., and Nigel, M 2017. Company results: how competition is transforming Australias retail sector. The Conversation, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://theconversation.com/company-results-how-competition-is-transforming-australias-retail-sector-72844 Ritter, J., 2014. What is the role of marketing in strategic planning?.The Business Management Review,4(4), p.88. Weebly, 2017. Marketing Strategy , viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://orreconomics.weebly.com/marketing-strategy.html Williams, K., 2013. Woolies looking at global expansion. The Weekend Australian, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/latest/woolworths-q3-sales-up-25/news-story/f4afa176dd5df2f08578408b55dbbdc3 Woolsworts, 2017. About us, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/ Woolworths, 2017. Strategy and objectives, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/our-approach/strategy-and-objectives/ Woolworths, 2017. Welcome to Woolworths, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://www.woolworths.com.au/ Woolworths, 2017. Woolworths Supermarkets, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/our-brands/supermarkets/Woolworths

What are the religious and ethical considerations to the issue of euthanasia Essay Example

What are the religious and ethical considerations to the issue of euthanasia Essay The word euthanasia originated from the Greek language; eu means good and thantos means death. One meaning given to the word is the intentional termination of life by another at the explicit request of the person who dies. The term euthanasia normally implies that the act must be initiated by the person who wishes to commit suicide. There are many different types of euthanasia these are: passive euthanasia which is the hastening of a persons death by altering some form of support and letting nature take its course e.g. removing life support equipment. Another form of euthanasia is active euthanasia; this involves causing the death of a person through a direct action, in response to a request from that person. A well known example was the mercy killing in 1998 of a patient with ALS by Dr. Jack Kevorkian, a Michigan physician.There is also physician assisted suicide, this is where a physician supplies information / or the means of committing suicide e.g. a prescription for a lethal dos e of sleeping pills, or a supply of carbon monoxide gas.Involuntary euthanasia which seems to cause the most outrage is where the killing of a person takes place in which the person has not explicitly requested aid in dying. This is most often done to patients who are in a persistent vegetative state and will probably never recover.Euthanasia raises both moral and religious issues. These issues can affect both the suffering individual and the person who carries out the termination.An Issue which kuhse brought up which relates to both passive and active euthanasia is what is the distinction between killing and letting die?Some may see the distinction being the person who kills causes death whereas the person does nothing is simply letting nature run its course.Glover stated that when looking at this distinction it is necessary to look at the degree to which they are expensive, unusual, difficult, and painful or dangerous. These are called ordinary and extraordinary means.The main arg ument is argument of the santicty of life approach against the autonomy of the individual. The church believes that life is sacred and dissagrees will any of the following crimes against life such as murder , suicide,abortion etc. God gave life to us as a gift and which we are called apon to preserve it and make it fruitful'(decalaration on Euthanasia,1980) Human life is a gift from God. We are stewards of this gift, not owners. It is our responsibility to nurture it, respect it, and protect it. Human life has value regardless of its nature or quality. Life has special dignity and worth. Human life is a trust and not a personal possession over which we have full control. No one can claim total mastery over ones own life or anothers life. Every innocent human being is absolutely equal to all others. This equality is the basis of all authentic social relationships and can only be founded on truth and justice, recognizing and protecting every man and woman as a person and not as an obj ect to be used. God alone has sovereignty over life and death. The taking of ones life is not a human right and intentionally causing death is a rejection of Gods sovereignty over life.To take someones life opposes gods love for that person , and rejects the duty of the person to live according to gods plan. The catholic church makes it clear that it is wrong to ask someone to assist your death , as it questions the violation of the divine law. It is an offence against the dignity of the human person and a crime against humanity. The church believes we do not have the freedom to decide wiether we live or die as it is gods choice and only his.We were made for his purpose and we should fulfil that purpose through life.According to the catechism of the catholic church an act of omission which , of itself or by intention , causes death in order to eliminate suffering constitutes to a murder gravely contrary to the dignity of the human person and to the respect due to the living God, hi s creator. Here the church once again expresses that any form of killing is deemed as wrong.Even in the modern catholic view is against euthanasia . Pope paul the second 1995, in the evangelium vitae quotes Euthanasia must be called a false mercy, and indeed a disturbing perversion of mercy. This showing the modern negative view.The docturine of faith quotes life as being something sacred and the argument is shown clearly in the story of creation (Genisis 1-2:4)The main argument put up against this is the autonomy (Argued for by john stuart mill , utilitarian) John stuart argues that I matters that do not concern others , individuals should have complete autonomy . Which is the idea that the person has compelete control over what happen to their body life as well as death.Utilitarianists believe autonomy is a liberty of action .Autonomy is defined as the absence of the use of force or the threat of force to make someone do what they would otherwise be unwilling to do. They argue tha t it is a freedom of choice. Autonomy is defined as the presence of options. Mill: liberty of action and thought are needed for happiness since such liberty develops requisite intellectual traits and character traits .Autonomy not a fundamental value or first principle (as for Kant) but is an indispensable means to the end of happiness .Autonomy involves a person choosing their own plans for life, making their own decisions without manipulation by others And it exercises firmness and self control in acting on their decisions.The author of such books as final exit quoted the right to choose to die when in advanced terminal or hopeless illness is the ultimate civil liberty. Derek HumphryAdvocate for voluntary euthanasia argue that this should be an option for any competent adult.Quality of life argument links in with the autonomy argument as people say that human beings should be able and have the right to live dignified lives and so the ends of their lives should be dignified too. T hey say it isnt a matter of pain Many argue the fact that euthanaisa maintains quality of life . They argue that humans have the right to live dignified lives aswell as dignified ends. This isnt a matter of pain but self respect. If the standard of a person is such that they no longer want to continue it then they should be able to end their lives.Having control over their lives is seen to enhance human dignity .People who support the concept of euthanasia may look at the QOL (Quality of life ) of the individual when deciding if a person should go ahead with euthanasia. This ultiltarian approach takes into account the possible length of life , the patients state of mind, the resources needed and available and the amount of suffering that they are experencing .People take this view on euthanasia as they believe a person should be able to die in a pain free and dignified way. In america in the medical proffesion they used a system called (QALYS) quality adjusted life year schedules. T his enables doctors to asses the QOL of the patient in terms of the number of valuable years left to the person.Most people would like to imagin their family members and ourselves having the least painful death and some argue this for a reason to make euthanasia legal. Euthanaisa shows mercy for those suffereing with intolerable pain from an incureable disease. The humanist Thomas More (1478-1535) argued that when a patient suffers a tourturing pain , so that there is no hope , either of recovery or ease they may choose to die since they cannot bear to live in misery. Euthanasia is a merciful opportunity to end uneccesary suffering.The christian belief argues that suffering is not unnecceary but suffering has a special place in Gods plan. Just as Jesus died on the cross, and human suffereing at the end of life connects us to the suffering that jesus experienced on the cross. This doesnt mean that catholics cannot take pain killers and should activily seek pain, but it does grant suf fering the possiblility of having a positive effect on the individual . It provides that final chance to get as close to god before you die. Thomos wood stated suffering can have moral effects and can have a meaning in the context of a life lived in faith.There is now understood to be a difference in the way the line is drawn between ordinary and extraordinary means by medical science on the one hand, and moral theology on the other. In medicine, a means is ordinary which is scientifically established, statistically successful, and reasonably available. If any of these conditions is lacking, the means is considered to be extraordinary. In moral theology, a means is ordinary if it is beneficial, useful or not unreasonably burdensome (physically or psychologically) to the person. The docturine of faith(1980) gives us the best idea of the churchs view on ordinary and extra ordinary means. The docturine of faith defines medical treatment into two different ways, which are proportionate and disproportionate. An example of this would be if the action on the patient was relativly pain free and would definitly provide a better quality of life for the patient it would be seen to be proportionate. But if the action prooved to be painful and would not quarentee a better quality of life it is seen to be dispropotionate.The catechism of the catholic church believes that discontinuing medical procedures that are burdensome, dangerous, extraordinary or disproportionate to the expected outcome can be legitimate meaning the church believes that refusing this extraordinary act can be seen justifiable. An example of this would be a person being kept alive through artificial means such as a life support.The church also accepts the double affect law.The double effect argument links in with the beliefs in ordinary and extra ordinary means.This argument stresses greatly that there is a huge difference between foreseeing an event and directly willing it to happen. Christians believe that in certain cases the double effect argument can be justifiable.For example if the death is caused by drugs which were intended to relieve pain then this is not seen as deliberate killing because as the docturine of faith (1980) expresses death is in no way intended or sought , even if the risk of it is reasonably takenMany ethical views are held among the church and outside of it. Such views as Kants deontological view are very similar to the church. When referring to the subject of suicide Kant quotes I cannot, therefore, dispose in any way of a man in my own person so as to mutilate him, damage him or kill him Kant believes that using death as a means of escape of suffering is always morally wrong.Ethicists that agree with the churches views on the sanctity of life and other Christian arguments are Germain Grisez and Joseph M Boyle Jr. They challenge the basic assumptions of pro euthanasia such as the assumption that there is a distinction between bodily life and personal lif e. In other words they reject the view that one can cease to be a person and yet still be bodily alive. They reject the view that it is the distinctively human component which is not yet present in the unborn or newly born and which is lost irreversibly comatose. The absence of their personal component is what makes one a candidate for euthanasia. The human being is one and bodily life is good in itself. They also reject the consequentialist position that consequences determine the rightness or wrongness of human actions. Anscombre expressed the christian belief well and stated the distinction between the intended , and the merely foreseen , effects of a volunatry action is indeed absolutely essential to christian ethics..Daniel c maguire agrees with the Griez and Boyle as far as life should be considered sacred yet Maquire has a proportionists position Maguire believes that life is a basic but not an absolute good. One is bound to respect life , but no one is obligated to prolong it in evry circumstance. He also argues that issues such as euthansia can only be handeled adequetly within the broad context of complete ethical theory. Maguire rejects the idea of a kind of fatalistic theism which forbidsexpanding the human domain over dying because the time of death is organised by God alone this implies humans are gods property. If we should not intervene then medicibe should be immoral, there is no essential difference between ending life and preserving it. Termanating life under certain circumstances may be good so long as a greater good than phsical life is being served.Another scholar who takes a utilitarian approach to the subject of euthanasia is Rachels. Rachels states It would seem , therefor , that , at least on a theoretical level , we cannot rule out the possibility that direct active euthanasia might I exceptional cases be justified Rachels gives a case in favour of active euthanasia on the grounds that passive euthanasia is often seen to be acepta ble. Rachels belief is that because the outcomes are both the same the person dies the morality of both of these forms cannot be distinguished. Rachels also believes that there is no moral significance between killing and letting someone die. Because the motives and concequences are both the same wether it be active or passive.Many people who agree with euthanasia are more likely to go against the churches absolutest view and go in favour of the idea of the right of automony as it is left up to the responsiblilty of the person who it concerns.This may be true in certain places , and we are aware that euthanasia takes place even though it is not legal but in the eyes of the law it is not left up to the person.The law causes problems when euthanaisa come in to play as it is still seen as sucide in some places, and as sucide is a crime it is against the law to commit euthanasia. The law sees it as to kill another person dilibertly is murder , even if the person involved asks them. If you assist a sucide it can be punishable for up to 14 years inprisonment ( legal position stated March 2002)It is however legal in holland and is thought upon by the public to be okay. Although others are afraid it will be legalised in britain and fear that if it was made legal , the law would be abused and innocent people would die who didnt want to. Also the dessicion to die not only affects the person but also others around that person such as family and friends.There are also political objections which is that our individual right to autonomy against law must be balanced against the need to make santitiy of life an important , intrinsic and abstract value of the law.Many scholars agree that life is sacred and a gift from god and when making life and death descions they should be though out and handleled with extra special care.Singer another person who takes a utilitarian approach towards euthanasia Is one of many scholars who agree with the autonomous view. Singer srgues that h umans have certain rights and if nessceray they should be allowed to make their own descions on life and death. Singer sees it as an essential part of having human rights and as he states one can waive ones rights if one so chooses. He also argues that if a person wishes to die then they should be given respect from others and if nesscecary others should help assist. Singer uses the QOL argument to qualify his belief that euthanasia should be seen to be aceptable upon defective infants and people with serious mental illesses. Singer goes against Griez ad Boyle and says that infants and people with mental illnesses such as brain stem damage lack the rationality , autonomy and self -conciousness of normal people , therefore killing them cannot be equated with the killingh normal human beings.Scholars such as Curran take a consequentialist approach when dealing with euthanaisa. Curran accepts life as a primordial value and again agrees life is sacred and deserves respect. Curran quote s I agree with the traditional argument against euthanasia that man does not have full domination over his life and therefore cannot postitively interfere to take his life Man does have some domination over the dying process because he can as a matter of fact shorten the time of his dying by not using or discontinuing even readily available means to prolong life. Curran argues that he does not see euthanasia as taking full control of a persons life as the dying process indicates that the human life has reached its limits .Although not all people completely agree with all types of euthanasia , the majority of theses people do argue for voluntary euthanasia. They believe that voluntary euthanaisa is not murder as killing a human that does not want to live is not wrong. It isnt wrong to help the dying to die , because they are actually dyingOther people completely disagree and say that all euthanasia is killing and that killing is forbidden not only in the law but in some religious s criptures. In the Hebrew scriptres (The old testement) the sixth commandment states Thou shall not kill and this is including euthanasia as the christians class it as killing. The prohibitation of killing is a moral absolute of christianity , judaism and islam..The churches view has always stated that it wrong to kill a human being as stated in these quotes: it is never licit to kill another: even if he should wish it, indeed if he request it, hanging between life and death nor is it licit even when a sick person is no longer able to live. St. AugustineAs well as moral and religious views there are many practical issues that are taken into account.If euthanasia were to be legalised many people would be outraged for a number of issus such as : Some are worried that the system will be abused and just as people will have control over their lives they will also have control over others lives and what they see to be qualitive or not. Would elderly relatives who think they are burdens to their families want to be euthanasised? J Glover (1977) notes that people in these situations sometimes commit suicide.On the other hand they could be presseured into asking to be euthinased by family or friends due to things such as money or housing. Lord McColl , the professor of surgery at Guys Hospital , london said there was evidence from the netherlands to show that the current practice of euthanasia is out of control .Advocates of the right to die often point to Holland as a model for how doctor -assisted voluntary euthanasia for terminally ill patients can work without abuse. Yet people still have doubts.Kuhse agrees that the the following concern could take place in our society if euthanasia were to be legalised.The wedge argument ( or slippery slope argument ) maintains that euthanasia is the thin end of the wedge that once one accepts this principle, the door is open for all sorts of other procedures and abuses including infanticide. The argument is that euthanasia invo lves crossing a line and once this line crossed the consequences are unforseeable.Oderberg states his view as It is a mistake to claim that we are at the edge of a slippery slope to mass murder . we are on that slope, one that has already traversed by other societies . This time however , we have technologhy and expertise far in advance of anything of the nazisThe euthanasia debate is strongly influenced on what is the quality of life.Another argument against euthanasia by the sanctity of life supporters have put up is that the nazi extermenation is a terrible example of what can happen once we give the state the power to kill innocent human beings.Singers argues against the use of the nazi analogy as he says it is misleading and the sanctity of human life argument collapses as soon as they are questioned , it is the refusal to accept euthanasia which , in some cases , is horrific.Another problem that may arise if euthanasia were to be legalised is mistakes. Can we be sure that mi stakes wil not occur ? Suppose someone chooses death because they have been diagnosed with a fatal incurable and painful illness. Then after the person has been euthanased , it becomes apparnt that the diagnosis was incorrect (hooker 1997) Even if we could ensure that mistakes would not take place the worry of how it will affect moral issues such as religion in the medical system. For example is a catholic doctor were to practise euthanasia they would be completley going against all there own beliefs this may lead to refusals from doctors to partake.Worries such as how would the doctors come to the conclusion that someone should be euthanased? How many doctors would it take to determine the QOL of the person.Singer beleieves there should be two independent witnesses at the even , but two people can still make mistakes.People have different views on what happens after life ends. Some like Dr Kervorkians Mercitron believe that merely just rot. Athesists will have very different attitu des towards euthanasia compared with a catholic. A Catholic believes that when they die its is their time to go and that God is calling them to be with him in heaven.And although euthanasia offers a way out that is your own descions and pain free others such as catholics and other faiths may find it dignified to have an undecided death and will take any pain that comes with it .The isssue of euthanasia will always cause moral and religious arguments both for and against it is a persons own desion to believe in what they feel is right and the best way to handle a situation. We must all respect the fact that people have difference of opinions and choices and we should do whatever we can to help situations and offer hope and reasurrance in are own way.

Five Tips for Planning a Successful Book Launch

Five Tips for Planning a Successful Book Launch If you want to be a best-selling author, theres a way to do it without the long, agonizing process of submitting your work to large publishing companies. Just ask James Redfield, a bestselling American author who got his start selling 100,000 copies of his self-published book, The Celestine Prophecy, out of the trunk of his car. It wasnt long until Warner Books took notice of his self-selling success, and agreed to publish the book. Since then, it has sold over 20 million copies worldwide, with translations into 34 languages. Three sequels, also published by Warner Books, followed.So how does this apply to launching your own self-published book? To begin with, notice how the happy ending to that story only happened because Redfield marketed himself aggressively. Without that self-promotion, the book wouldnt have become a world-wide bestseller, and neither will yours.Tip 1 - Create a stunning digital press kitThe larger publishing houses market their authors new books with digital pr ess kits, and you should follow their lead when marketing yourself. These types of press kits are standard and youll reveal your newbie status if you dont have one, especially if youre hoping to attract the attention of local journalists and reviewers.The goal of your digital press kit is to get medias attention. If you spend time creating a catchy, comprehensive digital press kit, they tend to take notice. Now, what goes in to the digital press kit might vary, depending on which media company you ask. These are all relatively standard, however:A summary of your bookA high-res image of the cover and back coverA quick bio about you, the author (limit this to four sentences)Your photoWays to contact youAny anticipated QAs that the media might havePositive reviews (if any) that your book as received so farAwards (if any) your book has receivedAfter getting your digital press kit together, its time to start finding a venue.Tip 2 - Search out multiple potential venuesThe venue you choos e is important to a launch events success, and will ultimately affect it in many ways- such as the work youll need to put into the event, and how big of a turnout you can expect. The best way to find the perfect venue is to look into multiple possibilities, creating a plan A, plan B, and maybe even a plan C.BookstoresBook launch parties are traditionally held in bookstores, which provides a certain level of literary authenticity to your work. Authors published by big publishers tend to launch their books in bookstores, as well, and youll have an immediate boost in marketing impact due to access to the stores clientele through in-store promotional posters and email lists. As an added bonus, the media will pay more attention if your venue is a bookstore, and youll likely be advertised within the book stores own marketing efforts (newsletters, emails campaigns, print advertising, etc.).The bad news is if youre a first-time author, and the only bookstores in your area are chain stores, this venue might be unattainable. Your best bet is to establish rapport with the bookstore owner and have a knock-out digital press kit, and even that might not work. This doesnt mean you should avoid approaching bookstores entirely- it just means that youll need to think of creative alternatives, as well.A bookstore can be a great venue for a book launch event and can also help your marketing efforts.LibraryPublic libraries might be a great alternative if you are a first-time author, especially if your work includes regional settings or events. Many public libraries offer conference rooms that can be reserved for your book launch event, although you might be limited in your choices of how the event will unfold.A library is a good alternative venue.HomeHosting a book launch party in your own home, or in a friends home, is always an option, particularly if that home is situated in an area that is considered to be an epicenter for the Arts scene. There are several potential down-sides to doing this, though. Local media and publishing agents will be less likely to provide coverage or attend the event, and your guests will likely be limited to acquaintances, friends and family.Use your home or a friends home if the location is part of the Arts scene.Specialty storeIs your book about gardening tips? A local nursery or garden club might be open to hosting your party on their premises. And a local motorcycle store would be a great place to launch an adventure book on motorcycling. Such venues not only lend legitimacy to your expertise on the topic- they also open up a new demographic of attendees through their members or customers, and can help open up your marketing reach through their own newsletters, in-store signage, email list, etc.A specialty store allows you to target a certain demographic.Tip 3 - Be prepared to put on your marketing hatIf you have a book to launch, youve likely worn many hats in the process- researcher, writer, editor, graphic designer, busi ness manager†¦ the list goes on and on. Just as those roles were important in the process of getting your book from an idea in your head to a published creative work, so is the role you must now take on- that of a marketer.How do you do this? Well, the first step is to organize like a marketer. When juggling multiple clients with multiple channels of marketing, a marketers best friend is a spreadsheet. On it, you can keep track of who you contacted, when you contacted them, what they asked for, and the deadline they presented. When the big publishers launch a book, they put their marketers to work contacting booksellers, journalists, critics, reviewers, and a lot of small, regional publications who would be willing to help spread the word about the book launch. And thats exactly what you should do, as well.Online marketingOne of best parts of advertising your book launch online is the cost, which is usually nothing more than time! If you already have a social media account on F acebook, connect an Author page to your primary account and use that to start getting the word out about your book. With the simple addition of an Author page associated with your main account, all your friends will be notified and invited to like your page at the touch of a button. If your writer or author profile isnt on Twitter, make one, and connect with friends there, as well. Or Instagram- wherever your most likely audience will be. You can also design and launch a website to promote your book. Some authors have even put up YouTube videos to communicate information, or give followers a small taste of whats to come.Local publicationsMany self-published authors make the mistake of limiting their marketing channels to the most obvious ones. If you send a press kit to your local newspapers and magazines, an editor or reporter might find it interesting enough to provide free press by doing a write-up on your book launch, or on your book in general. And social media is a highly effe ctive way to get the word out, but dont forget that there are many other publishing channels out there to approach- channels that might bring in a wider audience than you would expect.For example, if you are in a college town, contact professors who might spread the word to their students. Send a link to your digital press kit to student publications, college radio stations, or student bloggers who might be willing to advertise your book launch event.Offer giveaways for free copiesAnother great way to get people interested in your event is to offer a giveaway or a free copy. Everyone enjoys a freebie, especially if its a book copy signed by you, the author, as a memento. Other ways of doing this offering free wine tastings to lighten the mood, or free coffee for those who need a little pick-me-up to their day.Upload your manuscript to InkittWith a self-proclaimed mission of discovering talented writers and turning them into globally successful authors, Inkitt offers a platform where authors can upload their manuscripts to an eagerly awaiting audience. The website allows readers looking for that next great author to read and provide feedback on the book for free. Once authors reach a certain level of reader engagement, Inkitt publishes the manuscript in E-book, Print and Audiobook format.Tip 4 - Dont make the book launch event all about youA fun book launch party is a successful one. If your guests enjoy themselves, they will be far more likely to recommend the title to their friends or followers on social media. So how do you make sure your guests enjoy themselves?To being with, dont make it all about you. Sure, its your book launch party and youre the one who put in the work to write and publish the book in the first place. But before you plan to read excerpts from your writing for an hour- or worse, take your guests through a detailed narrative about how you write and why- focus on keeping it fun and engaging. Your guests are much more likely to appreciate a 10 to 15-minute reading with a QA session following it than they are in listening to a lecture or monologue. Even family and close acquaintances who know you well will enjoy the opportunity to ask you questions.Enlist help because youll need itDepending on the size and situation of your event, you will likely need help with the details involved. This is particularly true if you are hosting it in your home or in a rented space, as bookstores often have events coordinators and PR staff who take care of these details.For example, if parking for the venue is limited, you might need to ask someone to coordinate parking. Nothing would be worse for a nervous author than to be forced to direct traffic before it all begins. If there will be food catering, service or preparation at the event, you will need someone else to handle this for you. Someone has to make sure the caterer gets paid and the introductions are made, and it doesnt need to be you.These are all roles that your closest frie nds, spouse, or family member would likely be willing to take on, but it will require some coordinating on the front end to make sure everyone knows what to do and when to do it. Otherwise, the haphazardness and disorientation that results will scream Amateur!Tip 5 - Provide an honest glimpse into your writing processAvid readers love glimpses into an authors creation process, especially if they connect with the writing on a personal level. Whether its your family members and close acquaintances, or a full audience of intrigued strangers who read- everyone in attendance will be curious about how you wrote it and why. Here are a few questions to ask yourself while preparing to do this.Why did I write this book?Whats the story behind the books initial inspiration?How (as in what setting, situation, or routine) did I write it?What did I learn in the process?Going forwardWith a little creativity and a lot of work on the front-end, you can find ways to use your book launch to make a fir st impression that counts. And hopefully- that first impression will turn into bestseller lists and success as a self-published writer.

Marie Zakrzewska - Early Woman Medical Doctor

Marie Zakrzewska - Early Woman Medical Doctor Marie Zakrzewska Facts Known for:  established the New England Hospital for Women and Children; worked with Elizabeth Blackwell and Emily BlackwellOccupation:  physicianDates:  September 6, 1829 – May 12, 1902Also known as: Dr. Zak, Dr. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Marie Elizabeth Zakrzewska Background, Family: Mother: Caroline Fredericke Wilhelmina Urban: trained as a midwife, her mother was a veterinary surgeonFather: Ludwig Martin ZakrzewskaSiblings: Marie Zakrzewska was the eldest of six siblings Education: Berlin School for Midwives – enrolled 1849, graduated 1852Western Reserve College medical school, M.D. in 1856 Marie Zakrzewska Biography: Marie Zakrzewska was born in Germany to a family of Polish background. Her father had taken a government position in Berlin.   Marie at age 15 cared for her aunt and great-aunt.   In 1849, following her mother’s profession, she trained as a midwife at the Berlin School for Midwives at the Royal Charite Hospital.   There, she excelled, and on graduation earned a post at the school as head midwife and professor in 1852. Her appointment was opposed by many at the school, because she was a woman.   Marie left after just six months and, with a sister, moved to New York in March 1853. New York There, she lived in the German community doing piecework sewing.   Her mother and two other sisters followed Marie and her sister to America. Zakrzewska became interested in other women’s rights issue and in abolition.   William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips were friends, as were some refugees from Germany’s 1848 social upheaval. Zakrzewska met Elizabeth Blackwell in New York.   On finding out her background, Blackwell helped Zakrzewska get into Western Reserve’s medical training program. Zakrzewska graduated in 1856.   The school had admitted women into their medical program starting in 1857; the year Zakrzewska graduated, the school stopped admitting women. Dr. Zakrzewska went to New York as a resident physician, helping establish the New York Infirmary for Women and Children with Elizabeth Blackwell and her sister Emily Blackwell.   She also served as the instructor of nursing students, opened her own private practice, and at the same time served as the housekeeper for the Infirmary.   She became known to patients and staff as simply Dr. Zak. Boston When New England Female Medical College opened in Boston, Zakrzewska left New York for an appointment at the new college as professor of obstetrics.   In 1861, Zakrzewska helped to found the New England Hospital for Women and Children, staffed by women medical professionals, the second such institution, the first being the New York hospital founded by the Blackwell sisters. She was involved with the hospital until her retirement.   She worked for a time as the resident physician and also served as head nurse. She also served in administrative positions.   Through her years of association with the hospital, she also maintained a private practice. In 1872, Zakrzewska founded a nursing school associated with the hospital.   A noted graduate was Mary Eliza Mahoney, the first African American to work as a professional trained nurse in the United States. She graduated from the school in 1879. Zakrzewska shared her home with Julia Sprague, in what might have been, to use a term not used until later years, a lesbian partnership; the two shared a bedroom.   The home was also shared with Karl Heinzen and his wife and child. Heinzen was a German immigrant with political ties to radical movements. Zakrzewska retired from the hospital and her medical practice in 1899, and died May 12, 1902.

Learning objectives Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning objectives - Assignment Example The skills learnt during the first objective attainment were observation skills, learning the prevailing theories in HR field, updating my knowledge base for working in HR department and problem solving skills. In HR, it is important to have good observation skills so that the employees’ performances can be monitored and in order to motivate them, it is important to have up-to-date information about market trends regarding employees’ pay and need to be proactive in solving the HR problems. I recommended the HR head to develop a policy in which the HR problems are solved by a separate committee so that time of other employees in HR department is saved. There were twenty employees in the HR department and when some issue was raised, ten employees were assigned the task of resolving it. Hence, my suggestion was taken into consideration and five employees were given the responsibility of resolving any HR related issue. Initially, I faced some problems as my writing skills were not strong but eventually I learnt how to communicate the message correctly and clearly. I was partially able to complete my learning objective at the end of my internship programme. When working in HR department, it is important that one has good communication skills as it helps employee to communicate with each other effectively and understand other employees with whom you are working as a team (Torrance, 282). During my internship, I had to interact with many employees and my supervisor used to give me the responsibility of communicating HR policies to employees in other departments via emails on Intranet. While fulfilling this objective, I learnt how to effectively use the communication tools such as emails to inform other employees in the company about changing policies or introducing them to new rules and regulations. At times, I had to face criticism as I was weak in communicating the message correctly but eventually I

International Business - Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International Business - - Essay Example This paper is a business report that explores the issue of complicating stakeholder responsibility for expanding companies. The paper explores expansion in terms of factors involved and how this exposes companies to increased population and different types of stakeholders. The paper also explores the linkage between stakeholders’ responsibility and the foreign direct investment. Expansion of business has become a normal concept today. The emergence of the multinational corporations and the internationalization of existing companies is viewed as an indication of growth. As businesses expand, the revenue is expected to increase and so is the reputation and the customer coverage (Branco & Rodrigues 2006). Further, such an internationalization also affects the responsibility of the business to the community and the people. This means that the more a company expands internationally, its stakeholder responsibility becomes more complex (Melà © 2008). This can be viewed to happen for two main reasons. First, the stakeholders’ environment, socially and economically drastically change as the company secures a stakeholder base in the new country. Secondly, the number of people that the company or business has a responsibility towards increases and their demographic characteristics change (Hooijberg & Schneider 2001). Corporate social responsibility (CSR) are t he basic strategies that companies conduct their business in a way that is socially friendly, ethical and responsive to the community needs in development and safety. The companies are required to go an extra mile and put up measures to benefit the community that literary accommodate them (Winch 2004). Theories such as utilitarian, managerial and relational theories of CSR supported by works of other scholars in the area could be used to suggest that CSR becomes an international concern due to globalized nature of business that knows no border. CSR

Paleolithic period Essay Example for Free

Paleolithic period Essay In the Paleolithic period, all the tools used by human beings were made of stone. The tools were useful to their hunting and gathering lifestyle as agriculture was yet to develop. Paleolithic art was hence characterized by wild animal drawings and paintings that was mostly done in caves. The animals depicted in the cave art might have been a source of food, sacred or used for pre-hunting rituals since most of those caves were located in uninhabited areas. Sculptures of the animals that existed in that era were also carved. The Neolithic period saw the introduction of metal tools to complement stone tools, human settlement into communities, agriculture development and domestication of animals. As a result, several drawings have been discovered depicting the Neolithic way of life; mostly domestic animals like herds of cattle and horses. There were also increased images and sculptures of humans (mostly females). The animal incisions on rocks and sculptures in this period were sharper and had finer finishing thanks to the use of more advanced metal tools compared to the all stone tools of the Paleolithic period. Sociology was a major factor in the differences in animal depictions between these two periods. For instance, humans in the Paleolithic period did not live in communities as a result of their hunting and gathering lifestyles which were characterized by constant movement and the lesser the number of humans in a group, the minimal the competition for food acquired. This explains the images of hunting scenes and wild animals in widely scattered and concealed caves. The social structure in the Neolithic period changed to formation of communities that inhabited villages which explains the paintings of domestic animals adjacent to human dwellings. REFERENCES M. Hoover, Art of the Paleolithic and Neolithic Eras. July 2001. Art History Survey 1, San Antonio College. May 22, 2010 http://www. alamo. edu/sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/palneo. htm

computer viruses :: essays research papers

Computer VirusesIt is morning. You’re awakened to the sweet smell of flowers and the sound ofBirds chirping. You turn on your new I B M computer only to findThat every bit and byte of information has been erased. A computer virus hasStruck. These small bits of computer code have slowly overtaken the world ofComputing. A computer virus is a small program that attaches itself to disksAnd computer systems with instructions to do something abnormal. Sometimes theEffects of a computer virus can be harmless. But sometimes the effects of aComputer virus can be dangerous. But whichever way you look at it they stillCause problems. There are many kinds of computer viruses. Three of the mostCommon are the time kill, the logic kill and the Trojan horse. The time kill isA virus triggered by the computers clock reaching a certain date and time (oftenFriday the thirteenth). The logic kill is a virus triggered by a certain valueAppearing a certain part of the computers memory, either relevant to the virusesPurposes or at random. The Trojan horse is an innocent seeming programPurposely infects with a virus and circulated publicly. There is a cure forThese viruses, though. These "cures" are called remedies. A remedy is aProgram that watches for typical things viruses do, halts them, and warns theComputer operator."Put a child with the small pox together with a bunch of healthy childs and notAll of them will get sick." But that is not the case with computer viruses.You see when a computer virus passes on a virus it never fails unless theComputer is protected with a remedy. A typical computer virus spreads fasterThan the small pox too. Now as I said before when a computer virus attemptsTo infect another computer the attack is not always successful. However thatDoes not mean the infected computer stops trying. An infected computer willPass on the virus every chance it gets. Computer viruses are spread by twoMethods Floppy disks and modems. A modem is a phone link connected to aBulletin board service (B.B.S.). A B.B.S. is a lot like what it sounds, aBulletin board. If a human calls you and you're not home he leaves a messageSo that the next time you use the B.B.S. you can see the message. HoweverSometimes a human can leave a virus in a B.B.S. or an unsuspecting computerUser whose computer is infected the next time you hook up to the B.

Architecture

From Wisped, the free encyclopedia Magna temple M ¤rue-Guajarati Architecture (Registrant architecture) originated somewhere in sixth century in and around areas of Restaurants. Contents [hide] 1 Etymology 2 Development 3 Images 4 References 5 External links [edit]Etymology The name Mark Guajarati has its genesis in the fact that during ancient times, Restaurants and Gujarat had similarities in ethnic, cultural and political aspects of the society.Ancient name of Restaurants was Marauders while Gujarat was called Guru]rattrap. â€Å"Mark Guajarati art† literally meaner â€Å"art of Restaurants and Gujarat†. [1] [edit]Development Carved elephants on the walls of Aguish Temple that was built by Maharani Gate Sings 1st in 1651 A. D M ¤rue-Guajarati Architecture show the deep understanding of structures and refined skills of Restaurants' craftsmen of bygone era. M ¤rue-Guajarati Architecture has two prominent styles Amah-Mark and Mark-Guajarati. According to M. A.Dach a, Amah-Mark style developed primarily marquees, Spacewalks, Surcease and parts of Parallel whereas Mark- Guajarati originated in Metadata, Guarantees-Arvada, Guarantees-Ankara and some areas of Gujarat. [2] Scholars such as George Michelle, M. A. Dacha, Michael W. Mister and U. S. Import believe that M ¤rue-Guajarati Temple Architecture is entirely Western Indian architecture and is quite different from the North Indian Temple architecture. [3] There is a connecting link between M ¤rue-Guajarati Architecture and Hassle Temple Architecture.In both of these styles architecture is treated sculpturally. [4] Styles of Registrant architecture include: Charka Cathartic Have Stilwell (bail or bawd') Jihad Jail Char Bag or Charge Architecture in Restaurants represents many different types of buildings, which may broadly be classed either as secular or religious. The secular buildings are of various scales. They include towns, villages, wells, gardens, houses, and palaces. All these kind s of buildings were meant for public and civic purposes.The forts are also included in secular buildings, though they were also used for defense and military purposes. The typology of the buildings of religious nature consists of three different kinds: temples, mosques, and tombs. The typology of the buildings of secular nature is more varied. [edit]almagest Interior shows stone work Disarm temple Gain temple at Ranker Magna Temple Deep Sonata Temple Detailed Stone work, Karri Mat Temple, Bikers Restaurants Marble stone work, Jailers Gain Temple,Restaurants The Maid Banyan Palace is one of the largest royal palaces in the world. Architecture Eye Reflecting the Interior of the Theatre of Beacons Drawing Eluded, Claude- Nicolas, 1736-1806 â€Å"Between the carpenter's weight strings and marking lines [is something] close to government and enlightenment. Lie Huh, 715-766 Handmaiden if (Rhapsody on the Enfolding-vitality Hall) Ideas and Approaches in Design presents an introductory survey of the concepts and issues involved in the architectural design process. The course material presents actual projects and theoretical propositions from architectural history as exemplar responses and/or alternatives to the distinct challenges entailed in designing an architectural project. Moreover, the historic examples and ideas are presented as illustrative of the broader ideas associated with particular design movements or trends.By presenting the design process as a broad historical and intellectual endeavor; and as more than a mechanical exercise, Ideas and Approaches in Design seeks to impart the designer with a basic knowledge of a nd understanding of architectural history and theory; a basic knowledge of and understanding of architectural terminology; and basic understanding of and appreciation of the architectural design process. Department of Architecture School of Design and Environment National University of Singapore ARREAR – Module Handbook semester .Each lecture session is conducted by either one of the module tutors. All students are required to attend each session and read each session's corresponding readings. All students are required to submit a written responses the sessions' assigned readings. Tutorial The lectures are supplemented by one hour (1 hour) tutorial sessions. The tutorials are conducted under the supervision of Teaching Assistants from the Department of Architecture. The tutorials sessions are the forum to review and address any questions about the lecture session. Attendance Attendance at all lecture and tutorial sessions is compulsory to receive a full assessment.Students who arrive tardy to any lecture or tutorial session by ten (10) minutes will be considered absent. In the event a student is unable to attend a session due to illness, documentary proof of the illness is required be submitted to the Tutor upon the student's return. Absences due to reasons other than medical also require documentary proof a nd will be reviewed on a case by case basis. Students are permitted one (1) unexcused absence per term. Sketchbook – 10% Students are required to maintain a sketchbook documenting all lecture sessions particularly noting key concepts or words and their meanings.The sketchbooks are also to contain the students' ketches of exemplary buildings or objects presented during the (count. ) Oral Presentation – 10% Students are required to prepare a ten (10) minute verbal presentation corresponding to one of the twelve (12) lecture session topics. The presentation material may build upon, challenge, or provide an alternative to the subject material presented during a lecture session.No more than two (2) students may present on the topic of a given week. Reading Responses – 30% Students are required to submit reading responses to five (5) of the twelve (12) session's corresponding readings. The written responses summarize and critique the key arguments presented by the aut hor(s). The responses are to be a minimum of one (1) page in length (approximately 300-500 words). Reading responses are due exactly one (1) week after the session to which the readings correspond. Please note, no late submissions will be accepted. Final Project – 50% Students are required to complete a final project. Architecture Drafting is the drawing up of blueprints for architectural structures, and mechanical engineering tools and objects. There are two sides to drafting, the mechanical side and the architectural side. It's a great career that is fun, and easy to do. Architectural drafting has to deal with drawing up the blueprints for homes, schools, churches, and any other architectural structure you can think of. It's very easy to come up with these blueprints. You can either draw them by hand or use drafting software such as CAD. If you draw them by hand you need to know how your fractions so you can convert the drawing down in scale size.If you use the software the computer does all the work, you Just have to know which tools to use to create the drawing. Architectural drafters draw the blueprints for all the buildings you see in the community. Mechanical drafting has to deal with drawing up blueprints for engineering tools and machines. You can use software called Inventor to draw up these blueprin ts. As you draw the drawings in Inventor you can view them in AD to see how it will actually look. Mechanical drafters draw up the blueprints for the parts for vehicles, airplanes, and even space shuttles. Drafting is a great career to have once you get older.There are many places you can work as a drafter such as the Arsenal and NASA, if you go into mechanical drafting. Most architectural drafters have there own drafting companies and businesses. You don't have to go to college for a really long time to have a career in drafting. A maximum of five years and many colleges offer drafting courses. Some high schools who have a technical career center school offer drafting as a class also. If you take three years of drafting in high school you only take two years of drafting in college, or however many years you take in high school you take the difference in college to get all five years.

Hope Wireless HR Proposal Essay

In support of launching a total reorganization of Hope Wireless, the third leading wireless company in the United States, the Human Resource Department will review and enhance several processes to include but not limited to staffing, performance appraisal, training and development, total rewards, and organizational behavior and processes. The goal is to transition Hope Wireless from good to great; from not only being an American company but a global company. The goal of this strategic organization proposal is to attract and retain the most qualified employees, improved company performance, customer satisfaction, prevent churn and increase revenue. Employees are Hope Wireless number one resource and a long term investment in employees is a long-term investment for the organization. Part I – Hope Wireless HR Proposal Plan Hope Wireless offers a broad range of wireless and wire line communications services encouraging mobile freedom to consumers, business and government users. By the end of the first quarter 2013, Hope Wireless had served more than 55 million customers with an employee base of approximately 60, 000 people. This is over 15 million more customer than one year ago. Hope Wireless is widely recognized for offering the most innovative technology and cutting edge devices and the most sophisticated network of all mobile carriers. Hope Wireless’s business objective is to position the organization to be the leading wireless company in the telecommunications industry. Hope Wireless is striving to offer world-class customer service, proactively identifying and meeting the wireless needs of customers and to offer benefits unlike any other organization. â€Å"Organizations in which people work affect their thoughts, feelings, and actions in the workplace and away from it. Likewise, people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions affect the  organizations in which they work† (Brief & Weiss, 2002). Over the past five years, Hope Wireless has progressively earned numerous customer service awards but most importantly the American Customer Satisfaction Index award. The American Customer Satisfaction Index group rated Hope Wireless No. 1 amongst all national carriers in most improved customer service particularly over the last four years. â€Å"Customer satisfaction is an important goal for providers of both services and products, and customer surveys are a commonly used instrument for evaluating that satisfaction† (Ammar, Moore & Wright, 2008). Approximately five years ago, Hope Wireless was failing customer service surveys miserably and the customer satisfaction rate was fluctuating between anywhere from 65% to Part I – Hope Wireless HR Proposal Plan 72%. The telecommunications industry customer satisfaction goal is 85% or better. It was obvious across sites, states and countries that employees were not satisfied with their work environment and conditions. A supervisor task force proposed ideas to incite change across the organization. â€Å"Operation Smile† became a nationwide Hope Wireless initiative in addition to the â€Å"Go Fish† campaign. Operation Smile all employees to smile whether it was towards another employee or customer. Everyone in the organization was presented 20 SMILE cards of which agreements were electronically signed that each employee would award any employee they â€Å"caught† smiling. The quality analyst were charge to give a SMILE cards to employees they heard SMILING through the phone. The Operation Smile initiative alone increased the overall customer satisfaction rate by 9%, sometimes higher. Any employee who accumulated increments of 10 or more cards could earn exciting gifts. This was a six-month initiative that cumulated with a grand-prize drawing that varied depending upon the site and locality. The next morale boosting initiative which would have a direct positive impact on organization effectiveness was implementing the â€Å"GO Fish† campaign. Seattle’s Pike Fish market was the source of this idea as they are a living example of the principles supported by this initiative†¦.†being present† and â€Å"making someone’s day†. If an employee was present for the  customer or peer, they were awarded a fish by their supervisor or manager. The receiving employee would solicit a fish for their peer from a supervisor or manager. The quality analyst would award the fish if they witness an employee â€Å"being present† and â€Å"making someone’s day† towards their customer. Part I – Hope Wireless HR Proposal Plan Each team was also given a stuffed fish to throw to the person who received a fish. Whenever the random bell tolled, the person holding the fish would receive an immediate reward, most often a gift card. Just as the SMILE initiative, any employee who accumulated increments of 10 or more fish could earn very exciting prizes. This was also a six month morale boosting plan. Customer satisfaction results have continually progressed and have been maintaining ratings of 85% or better on a monthly basis. Hope Wireless began and continues to see a decrease in churn, decrease in employee turnover, increase in employee relations and retention and a dramatic increase in customer satisfaction. The aforementioned action plans greatly influenced employee morale and encourage positive customer behavior while increasing the effectiveness of the organization. â€Å"The loss of employees is a disruptive event. Organizations often pursue innovative ways to reduce employee turnover, often with limited success† (Murphy & Taylor, 2006). In addition to random initiatives, Hope Wireless offers on-going employee relation and retention resources such as the manager, site director open door policy, human resource specialist, employee assistance hotline, anonymous corporate security hotline and email address and a on-line suggestion box is set up in each site. Hope Wireless needs to supports diversity management by â€Å"ensuring that factors are in place to provide for and encourage the continued development of a diverse workforce by melding these actual and perceived differences among workers to achieve maximum productivity† (Mondy & Mondy, 2008). Hope Wireless needs to offer various employee resource groups in support of sexual preference, gender, race, veteran status, etc. The employee Part I – Hope Wireless HR Proposal Plan resource groups will be voluntary, open to all employees with them not being limited to having access to only one group. The Employee Resource Groups (ERG) will offer many benefits to employees such as unique development and networking opportunities, acquisition of practical skills and mentoring programs. In addition, ERG offers connections with people and information not generally accessible. The aforementioned connections to aid employees in positively impacting the organization by become part of the solution. Association with ERG provides allows employees exposure to company leaders, to serve and volunteer in the community as a representative of the organization and most importantly exposure to and learning about different cultures. Hope Wireless has utilized both internal staffing processes and temporary staffing agencies. Research has suggested employees that were hired on a permanent basis out-performed temporary worker. The permanent workers demonstrated ownership and allegiance to the company coupled with documented higher customer satisfaction ratings. The recommendation is to maintain the internal hiring practice. Hope Wireless is successfully trending in the right direction. The aforementioned initiatives, processes and resources, customer service ratings and referenced awards have aided and proven that Hope Wireless is now offering world-class customer service. In addition, the number of net-adds in one year’s time, demonstrates Hope Wireless’s ability to meet and exceed the mobile needs of customer base. Hope Wireless continues to strive for on-going growth and success. REFERENCES Ammar, S., Moore, D., & Wright, R. (2008). Analyzing customer satisfaction surveys using a fuzzy rule-based decision support system: Enhancing customer relationship management. Journal of Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management, 15(2), 91-105. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/dbm.2008.2 Brief, Arthur P., & Weiss Howard M., â€Å"Organizational Behavior: Affect in the Workplace†, (2002), pp. 279-307. Mondy, R. W., & Mondy, J. B. (200*) Human Resource Management (10th ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall Taylor, Lloyd J., I., II, Murphy, B., & Price, W. (2006). Goldratt’s thinking process applied to employee retention. Business Process Management Journal, 12(5), 646-670. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14637150610691055 Part II – Hope Wireless Performance Appraisal Hope Wireless offers a broad range of wireless and wire line communications services encouraging mobile freedom to consumers, business, and government users. Performance appraisal methods are essential in support of â€Å"Human Resource planning, recruitment and selection, training and development, career planning and development, compensation programs, internal employee relations and assessment of employee potential† (Mondy & Mondy, 2008). The appropriate performance appraisal method for Hope Wireless, considering the type of organization and the number of employees is the rating scales method. â€Å"The rating scales method is a performance appraisal method that rates employees according to defined factors† (Mondy & Mondy, 2008). â€Å"Performance management systems are effective when they are based on goals that are jointly set and are driven by an organization’s business strategy† (â€Å"What Makes Performance Appraisals Effective?† 2012). Performance appraisal imperatives for Hope Wireless will include: Do It Now (resolve); Delegate & Empower (engage appropriate resource/make a decision); Be Accountable (ownership); Focus on Customers (attentive); Teamwork & Camaraderie (work and win as a team); Compete like Winners (always strive for the top); Develop Yourself & Others (stay abreast of the business policies/procedures; peer-to-peer coaching); Acting with Integrity (adhere to code of conduct) and Have Fun (enjoy what you do). The advantage of the rating scales method is that the process is controlled and uniform. With the large number of individuals employed by Hope Wireless, the rating scales method allow for easy comparison and contrast. ‘The rating scales method allows each employee to be subjected to the same appraisal process and rating criteria, with the same range of responses. Part II – Hope Wireless Performance Appraisal Rating scale methods are easy to use and understand. The concept of the rating scale makes obvious sense; both appraisers and evaluated employees have an intuitive appreciation for the simple and efficient logic of the bipolar scale. The result is widespread acceptance and popularity for this approach† (â€Å"Appraisal Methods†, n.d.). â€Å"Organizational culture change is dynamic and depends on leadership and  management. The concepts of organizational change focusing on process, culture change and leadership, and organizational culture change and the learning organization are central to organizational transformation and will be addressed next† (ConceiÃÆ' §ÃƒÆ' £o & Altman, 2011). â€Å"Training and development is the heart of a continuous effort designed to improve employee competency and organizational performance† (Mondy & Mondy, 2008). The training and development program projected for Hope Wireless will be inclusive of intense focus on the position of the front line employee. The front-line employee is the customer-interfacing employee which directly impacts the organization’s bottom line revenue. While training for the management team and other integral positions is very important, it is the customer interaction of which the organization thrives and allows the other positions to be vital and necessary. Taking into consideration the organization’s mission, goals and corporate plan, the training and development will be created to support the company’s culture. It is also important for Hope Wireless’s training and development plan to support the various job description tasks to include both internal and external customers. The final attribute in the training and development process is each employee’s personal training needs. This can be assessed by compiling knowledge, skills and abilities checklist and having each supervisor/manager administer the survey. Establishing training goals specific to each Part II – Hope Wireless Performance Appraisal Position will ensure effective training in support of expected execution. Goals should include purpose and objectives. Hope Wireless offers 60% instructor led training and development while 40% of the training is via on-line classes for all level of employees. The management staff will also receive enhanced development via team builders, instructor led leadership courses and off-site leadership classes. Career pathing at Hope Wireless will be facilitated through Hope University (HU). Hope University’s goal is to improve business performance innovative tools and resource to ensure on-going learning and development in support organizational success and employee career enhancement. â€Å"As a leader in learning and development, HU creates support tools that effectively  facilitate performer tasks while on the job (such as desktop decision-making tools) and knowledge-management solutions which allow organizations to capture and share their collective knowledge (like discussion forums, blogs, pod casts and case studies). These less traditional solutions are in addition to its more than 3,000 skills and knowledge development offerings and over 2.5 million hours of training delivered annually†(â€Å"Sprint†, n.d.) At Hope Wireless each employee is ultimately responsible for their career plan, with their manager’s and leader’s support. With expertise in performance support, development, and delivery, the HR staff has the knowledge and hands-on experience to help each employee reach their full potential through innovative and engaging solutions. On-line job development courses and interactive training classes are optional and available to any employee to be scheduled at Part II – Hope Wireless Performance Appraisal their leisure. The HR staff will provide assistance in identifying the appropriate classes in support reaching one’s career goals. Effective succession planning is the reward of training and development and career pathing. Both training and development and career pathing should be developed and executed with succession planning in the blueprint. Hope Wireless succession plan would include promoting from within as the potential candidate will be prepared to transition into the open position fully armed with the organization’s mission, goals and expectations. It will be important to focus on those individual who demonstrate the ethics, value and integrity of which the Hope Wireless culture represents. Potential leaders will be identified, partnered with existing leadership and provided the resources to enhance strong skillsets and enhance areas of opportunity. Company career goals will be identified along with the potential candidate identifying their personal career goals. Hope Wireless will extend every effort to fill key positions from within to enhance employee morale, avoid negative business impact and ensure continual career advancement. Part II – REFERENCES Appraisal Methods. Retrieved from http://www.performance-appraisal.com/ratings.htm ConceiÃÆ' §ÃƒÆ' £o, S., C.O., & Altman, B. A. (2011). Training and development process and organizational culture change. Organization Development Journal, 29(1), 33-43. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/862094636?accountid=35812 http://linked2leadership.com/2013/04/01/10-steps-to-create-a-killer-succession-plan/ Mondy, R. W., & Mondy, J. B. (2008) Human Resource Management (10th ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall Sprint. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sprint.com What Makes Performance Appraisals Effective? (2012, October). Sage Journals, 44(4), 191-200. Retrieved from http://cbr.sagepub.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/content/44/4/191 Part III – Hope Wireless Compensation Plan â€Å"Compensation is the total of all rewards provided employees in return for their services† (Mondy and Mondy, 2008). In support of meeting and exceeding Hope Wireless’ business objectives, a comprehensive compensation and incentive plan will be outlined as follows for the front line customer-interfacing employees. Hourly rate for customer service (CS) agents is $12.00 per hour based on the average industry hourly pay of $10 per hour. Overtime will be paid at one and one half hours for every hour worked over 40 hours. This does not include vacation hours, specifically worked hours. Bonus compensation will be paid when the criteria has been met as outlined in the bonus plan for each group. Paid time off (PTO) will accrue at the follow rate: tenure of one to three years will accrue two weeks of PTO; tenure of four to six years will accrue three weeks of PTO and tenure of six plus years will accrue five weeks of PTO. Each employee will only be able to carry-over 40 hours of PTO at the end of each calendar year. Every year each employee will accrue two eight hour floating holidays for personal use, which are not transferrable. CS agents will begin with a balance of 140 HAP (Hope Attendance Points) to be used for unscheduled absences. A five to eight hour unscheduled absence will result in deduction of 10 HAP. An unscheduled absence of four or less hours will result in a deduction of five HAP. Business impact days that are designated by Workforce, will have a double point deduction. Those days will be  identified at least two weeks prior to applicable timeframe. The aforementioned benefits and compensation are in support of employee satisfaction, retention and securing employees commitment to the organization. The CS agents will be Part III – Hope Wireless Compensation Plan provided a comprehensive outline of the PTO/HAP policies to include unacceptable HAP balances, the consequences of exhausting all balances including PTO and HAP, etc. The CS agents will also have the option of enrolling in medical insurance of which Hope Wireless will remit 70% of the premium. The CS agents will also have the option of dental and optical insurance where Hope Wireless will remit 70% of the premium. Employees will also have the option to participate in pre-tax flex-spending accounts. A self- initiated pre-tax monetary amount will be deducted from each paycheck and placed in a fund for medical/co-pay expenses for the employee and covered relations enrolled in the medical insurance program. This is a great savings and perks for the employees. Hope Wireless offers all employees an exciting 401K plan of which Hope Wireless matches dollar for dollar up to five dollars per pay period. Stock options are also available in addition to the 401K plan, both of which will be outline on the company’s intranet benefit site. Enrollment in 401K and stock options are available year-round. Tuition reimbursement is available for courses applicable to customer service/leadership/management and will be paid up to 90% for two courses annually after outlined criteria is met and approved by his/her manager. Criteria can be found on Hope Wireless’ intranet benefit site. Base pay increases are performance based and will be determined yearly once the employee has been rated by Supervisor via the annual performance review. The pay increases will be based on current rate per hour, performance rating and active corrective actions and performance action plans. Pay increases will be com mensurate with current industry standards at the time of the rating. Part III – Hope Wireless Compensation Plan The Human Resource team has rendered extensive research of surrounding call centers, conducted surveys of sister sites and concluded the outlined  compensation plan is inclusive of the most desired benefits of the most tenured employees who consistently exceed performance goals. The targeted employees also have consistently exceeded customer expectations per customer surveys. HR’s partnership with middle management is also a key element to successful operations and employee retention. HR will also outline a process of which middle management can execute separate and apart from the aforementioned proposal. â€Å"Practical strategies for supervisors include clearly identifying role responsibilities, implementing flexible scheduling, supporting role integration, applying job sharing principles, and remembering to reward and recognize employees†(Winterstein, Mazerolle & Pitney, 2011). Hope Wireless’ mission is to exceed the expectations of every customer who is in contact with the site. In order to enjoy such a reputation, every employee has to be engaged, empowered, committed, satisfied in their role and have allegiance to the organization and their team leads. Meeting performance expectations will allow each employee their hourly base pay. Surpassing performance expectations invites the opportunity to earn a bonus. WOWING every customer, owning the business, caring about your co-worker, volunteering in the community on behalf of the organization, etc. earns rewards and recognition. Recognizing employees for a job well done is more important than many leaders realize. Employees often times provide feedback via company surveys that their manager only meet with them to share/discuss poor performance. Being â€Å"caught in the act† of outstanding performance/behavior is a pay-off for the organization that is immeasurable. Great behavior Part III – Hope Wireless Compensation Plan breeds great behavior. Receipt of recognition in front of an employee’s peers not only enhances one self-esteem but often times deem an employee a subject matter expert. A go to person. â€Å"Since managers prefer to keep their good performers and employees that they like, it is important to understand their treatment of those individuals in promoting their desired continued personal development† (Adams, 2005). Hope Wireless will not only engage in  on the spot â€Å"Caught in the Act† positive feedback cards issued by an employee’s manager, the use of â€Å"Caught in the Act† certificates, posters and emails will also be initiated. Certificates will be presented in team meetings; posters will be posted in the team work area and emails will be sent to recognized employee with the entire team copied. Hope Wireless Trinkets will also be available to the management team in addition to the creation of the Hope Wireless Fun committee. The Hope Wireless Fun committee will be charged with engaging a mix of employees to create and execute fun activities for the site to reward and motivate employees such as team prizes for the best performers, best customer service surveys, etc. Hope Wireless is committed to working and winning as a team and to have the best team of employees in the wireless industry. REFERENCES Adams, S. M. (2005). Positive Affect and Feedback-Giving Behavior. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20(1), 24-42. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview Mondy, R. W., & Mondy, J. B. (2008) Human Resource Management (10th ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall Winterstein, A. P., Mazerolle, S. M., & Pitney, W. A. (2011). Workplace environment: Strategies to promote and enhance the quality of life of an athletic trainer. Athletic Training & Sports Health Care, 3(2), 59-62. doi:http://dx.doi.org Part IV – The Cultural Change The senior leaders of Hope Wireless prides themselves on being one of the top three wireless leaders. Hope Wireless has won sundry service awards and achieve many honors for most improved customer service. In addition, Hope Wireless offers innovative and competitive wireless devices of which the other wireless providers have been unable to match. While many of Hope Wireless’s policies and procedures will be addressed and enhanced as a result of this proposal, the last enhancement proposal is in support of the internal culture of the organization. The previous site director allowed employees to dress down daily. Dressing down allows denim, flip-flops, shorts, hats, etc. Employees who are dressed down are more relaxed and come across as such when speaking to customers lending to an unprofessional  environment and poor customer service interactions. A recent event involving an employee who had placed their sweatshirt hood on and laid their head on the desk while waiting on a call is the final motivation for the proposed change. While sleep, several customers came onto the sleeping employee’s line and dropped when no one responded. This resulted in an impact in customer service and service level. The news of the termination of the employee was wide-spread amongst the agent’s peers. This was the first step towards awareness that the organization will take immediate reaction to negative impact caused by an employee. â€Å"When people in an organization realize and recognize that their current organizational culture needs to transform to support the organization’s success and progress, change can occur. But change is not pretty and change is not easy† (Heathfield, n.d.). Part IV – The Cultural Change The first cultural change proposal is to initiate a change to the current dress code policy from daily dress down to dress down Fridays, Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays ONLY, unless otherwise specified. Currently, employees are only required to wear professional business attire when corporate visitors are expected on-site. The proposed normal day to day dress requirement will be business casual. Business casual dress guidelines will require men to wear collared shirts, khaki or dress pants and no tennis shoes or sandals. Business casual dress guidelines will require women to wear non- provocative, non-tight-fitting clothing void of denim and stretch material. Denim will not be allowed for either women or men. Women or men will not be permitted to wear shorts on business casual days. Women’s skirts and dresses must be knee length and the women’s shoe requirement will require dress shoes, no tennis shoes or flip flops. â€Å"Top-down attempts to change organization culture have a number of unintended consequences, amongst which is an emotional fall-out that becomes manifested in higher rates of absenteeism† (Carr, 2002). Human Resource has elected to release management of the task of owning and communicating this change. Employee focus groups will be formed to access to proactive strategize the most effective communication and reaction to opposition toavoid   negative impact to business. Agent dissatisfaction often translate to poor performance and reliability in call centers. Severe opposition is expected in response to this proposed change. The tentative initial communication to employees will be socialized to employees in team meetings by members of the employee focus group. Often times, peer buy-in lends to continued peer buy-in to change in an organization. In support of the opposition, Human Resources will also partner Part IV – The Cultural Change With the Communication team to begin sending out catchy, funny emails and launch internal television advertisements of the dress code change to occur in 30 days. The â€Å"why† documents will be drafted to include the goal of delivering superior, professional customer service. Anonymous pictures will be included of relaxed desk posture of agents who are dressed down versus those who are dressed business casual. Relaxed posture translate to relaxed conversations. Human Resources will also be prepared to hold optional brown bag meetings to share â€Å"relaxed† remote quality observations where unprofessional customer service was rendered versus calls observed on a professional dress day. Human Resources will set the expectation that the Management team will be held accountable to execute this change and maintain application and consistency of the policy change. All policy amendments are supported by 30 day adaptation grace period after which the following reaction will be instituted. Management will render a documented verbal warning for the 1st dress code violation. The 2nd dress code violation will result in the employee being sent home to change with an impact to pay for the time missed and documented warning. The 3rd dress violation will result in a 1st written warning and will continue to progress to termination. Human Resources will be open for feedback will be open to negotiate with employees holistically to encourage receptiveness to the dress code change. â€Å"Timing can be crucial. Conflict tends to develop through stages, from awareness that differences exist to a hardening of attitudes and, possibly,  open hostility† (â€Å"Abc of Conflict and Disaster: Approaches to Conflict Resolution,† 2005). The employee focus group will be the first reaction to conflict of which employees will be encouraged to provide open and honest feedback to and amongst their peers. Part IV – The Cultural Change This will provide an immediate forum for employees to react versus allowing dissatisfaction and conflict fester and result in unnecessary and avoidable conflict.  The aforementioned changes outlined in this proposal outline a cultural change that lends to effective start-up, encourage growth, prevent decline, encourage renewal and upward mobility and prevent death of the organization. CONCLUSION The Human Resource planning and partnership outlined in the aforementioned proposal will institute efficient, effective, consistent, and revenue impacting operations. The Human Resource team for Hope Wireless has prepared the blueprint to propel the organization to becoming the #1 wireless leader in the industry. REFERENCES Abc Of Conflict And Disaster: Approaches To Conflict Resolution. (2005, August). BMJ: British Medical Journal , 331(7512), 344-346. Retrieved from http://av4kc7fg4g.search.serialssolutions.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com Carr, A. (2002). Organisational culture: Organisational change? Journal of Organizational Change Management, 15(4), 425. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/197601624?accountid=458 Heathfield, S. (n.d.). How to Change Your Culture: Organizational CultChange. About.com Guide, (), Retrieved from http://humanresources.about.com/od/organizationalculture/a/culture change.htm