Fidel Castro Led The Cuban Revolution - 1106 Words

For centuries, Cuba s greatest resource has been its people. - Pico Iyer Nearly fifty-five years ago, an embargo was placed on Cuba, halting all trade between the two countries. Fidel Castro led the Cuban Revolution, which began in July of 1953, leading to their victory and the previous leader, Fulgencio Batista, surrendering from his position. Castro was an American friend and had gained a great deal of support from Cuban citizens with his promises to restore basic, essential liberties. Castro later began to stray from these promises, starting by nationalizing American businesses within Cuba following by presenting anti-American behavior. In 1960, he initiated talks with the Soviet Union and began to progress toward communism, leading to America creating the embargo in 1961. The embargo was mainly put in place to contain the spread of communism to other South American countries. The terms to lift the embargo included, the discontinuation of their communist ways and move toward democracy, and to improve the freedom of the individuals whom live on the isla nd. These have both yet to have happened, yet fifty-four years later, the embargo is still firmly in place. Lifting the embargo can fix issues related to the Cuban people, it can bring countless trade opportunities, and it can push for positive changes in Cuba. Therefore, the United States should lift the embargo on Cuba. In light of the Cuban embargo, it is easy to see that it is hurting the citizens of Cuba. CubansShow MoreRelatedFidel Castro Led The Cuban Revolution934 Words   |  4 PagesNearly fifty-five years ago, an embargo was placed on Cuba, halting all trade between the two countries. Fidel Castro led the Cuban Revolution, which began in July of 1953, leading to their victory and the previous leader, Fulgencio Batista, being driven out of his position. Castro had gained a lot of support from Cuban citizens with his promises to restore political and civil liberties. Castro later began to stray from these promises, starting by nationalizing American businesses within Cuba andRead MoreTo What Extent Was Brutality Used by Fidel Castro During the Cuban Revolution1440 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"A revolution is not a bed of roses ... a revolution is a struggle to the death between the future and the past.† – Fidel Castro, 1961. This statement was certainly true for Fidel Castro and his revolutionaries during the Cuban Revolution, an armed revolt that took place between July 26th 1953 and January 1st 1959, which ended successfully. During this revolt, many of Fidel Castro’s fellow revolutionaries were killed in this process of violent revolution (My Life, p133, 2006). However, Castro andRead MoreThis Chapter Will Serve To Outline The Cuban Revolution1310 Words   |  6 PagesThis chapter will serve to outline the Cuban revolution and its impact on social movements in Latin America and around the world. The two key leaders of the Cuban Revolution was Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. Their rhetoric is still regarded as inspiration to many around the world. This chapter will look at their goals and mobilization of the Cuban Revolution with emphasis on the importance of their discourse. The symbolism of Che Guevara that the revolution brought to the forefront of the imaginationsRead MoreFidel Castro Is Alive1443 Words   |  6 Pages Upon his release, Castro went to Mexico where he spent the next year organizing the 26th of July Movement, which was based on the date of the failed Santiago de Cuba barracks attack. On December 2, 1956, Castro and the rest his fellow rebels of the 26th of July Movement landed on Cuban soil with the intention of starting a revolution. They were only met with the welcome of heavy Batista defenses, causing nearly everyone in the Movement to be killed. Barely anyone escaped, and those who did whichRead MoreRevolution Is Not A Bed Of Roses2053 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Revolution is not a bed of roses. Revolution is a battle between the future and the past,† spoken by Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz, on January 5, 1961 at Havana. Revolution is a strife Castro is very familiar with, especially the Cuban Revolution where he played a main part in that â€Å"battle between the future and the past†. Other than Fidel Castro, Fulgencio Batista also played a substantial role in the Cu ban Revolution. Furthermore, the U.S. relations with Batista and Castro, as well as Batista’s priorRead MoreCub A Political Leader Of Cuba1707 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A revolution is a struggle to the death between the future and the past.† Fidel Castro has had a tremendous impact on Cuba. Castro was a political leader of Cuba (1959–2008) who transformed his country into the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere. Castro became a symbol of communist revolution in Latin America. Before Fidel Castro took rein Cuba was the island of sin, a society consumed by the illnesses, gambling, the Mafia, and prostitution. In 1969 Cuba changed drastically, but stillRead MoreFidel Castro : Hero Or Villain1323 Words   |  6 PagesFidel Castro a Hero or Villain The time of the Cuban Revolution was a great deal of turmoil, not just in Cuba but in almost every corner of the world. It was 1945, shortly after the end of World War Two, the Cold War was taking off between the United States and the Soviet Union. Cuba, in the middle of its own war, was caught up in the international politics of the Cold War. The interaction between international and domestic politics played a major role in the outcome of the revolution. The resultRead MoreLa Historia Me Absolvera also known as History Will Absolve Me1112 Words   |  5 PagesThe time of the Cuban Revolution involved a great deal of turmoil for Cuba as well as other countries around the world. In 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, the Cold War was taking off between the United States and the Soviet Union.1 Cuba was in the middle of its own war, the revolution, when they caught up in the international politics of the Cold War. The interaction between international and domestic politics p layed a major role in the outcome of the revolution. The result of theRead MoreFidel Castro And The Cuban Revolution1367 Words   |  6 PagesOn January 8th, 1959, Fidel Castro and his rebel army marched triumphantly into Havana, Cuba, having overthrown corrupt dictator Fulgencio Batista the week earlier. It was the fruition of the Cuban Revolution, and the dramatic shift in power was about to radically alter the country’s political, social and economic course forever. The positive and negative effects of the revolution on the Cuban people, however, as well as the condition of Cuba’s economy pre and post-revolution, is subject to heatedRead MoreFidel1450 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership - Assignment Fidel Castro is one of the most recognizable leaders in world history. He led Cuba as Prime Minister and, subsequently, as President for almost fifty years. He was born and raised upper-middle class as his father was a very successful farmer and did quite well for himself and his family. There were several key events that led to Castro’s rise as a powerful leader and shaped him into the man who successfully led the Cuban revolution. First of all, although he benefited

Conflict Between Equity And The Common Law - 1188 Words

2. The conflict between equity and the common law 2.1. The conflict before the Earl of Oxford case in 1615 The establishment of the Court of Chancery created the situation in which there were two separated systems of courts in the English common law and two distinct jurisdictions of these systems as well. In the relation with the legal proceedings of the common law courts, the Court of Chancery have three kinds of jurisdiction, these are the exclusive, concurrent and auxiliary jurisdictions. As mentioned above, the exclusive jurisdiction gave the Court of Chancery a hand to confront cases which did not fall within the scope of the common law jurisdiction. In other words, the Court of Chancery, going along with its equitable jurisdiction, was the unique judicial institution that had capacity to arrange justice reliefs. Since issues could not be resolved in the common law courts, when the Court of Chancery carried out its exclusive jurisdiction to resolve these cases, it decisions had hardly conflict with the common law courts. Neve rtheless, there were some cases whose facts fell within both of the common law and equity jurisdictions, these cases laid under the concurrent jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery and they led to the situation in which both the Court of Chancery and the common law courts delivered their own reliefs. However, the Chancellor, some time, seemingly convinced the litigants to exercise his decisions, rather than the common law judgments because heShow MoreRelatedEquity Plays An Important Role For The Common Law758 Words   |  4 PagesEquity plays an important role in the common law which will be explained in this essay. It’s foundational principles derive from philosophy and ethics as well as from political and religious background. To understand specific nature and extent it operates in the modern world it would be necessary to look how it developed over the centuries in the UK. In the 13th century’s England, the common law courts operated through the Court of Common Pleas and the King’s Bench and could only offer a limitedRead MoreLaw and Equity1597 Words   |  7 PagesLaw and Equity Essay (a) Outline the development of common law and equity. There was no system of law in England and Wales before 1066, as it was mainly based on customs which were just rules of behaviour and the other used to be the decisions of judges. The law in England and Wales built over the centuries. There were various methods of creating laws which were called â€Å"sources of law†. However, in the 18th Century Parliament became more powerful which lead the Acts of Parliament (statues) toRead MoreThe Principle Of Equity Within The World Of Doctrine, Not Of Neat And Tidy Rules1473 Words   |  6 PagesEquity is a source of law which is based on flexible principles to supplement the common law, and thereby alleviating the harshness. Lord Scarman once described the principle of equity in National Westminster Bank PLC v Morgan as a ‘world of doctrine, not of neat and tidy rules’ which emphasises its rigidity nature to provide its flexibility. As Alastair Hudson noted , many different doctrines fit inside English equity which intro duce a more systematic approach to the common law. It is importantRead MoreCommon Law and Equity Essay1133 Words   |  5 PagesCommon Law and Equity Inconsistent to draw up the relationship between common law and equity, we firstly have to define what is common law? What are the defects of common law, and to what extend equity have been created. From the development of common law and equity, what has been the effects of the Judicature Acts 1873-1875? What are the equitable maxims that are needed to be satisfied? What areRead MoreCommon Law and National Consumer Law1567 Words   |  7 Pagesdid common law become so rigid and inflexible? Answer: By the reign of henry II, the practice of sending the royal justice throughout the country â€Å"on circuit† began to result in fairly uniform body of law developing around the country- the common law. The judges were assisted in finding an agreement among them by keeping records known as plea rolls. They set out not only the facts of each case and judgement, but often the reasoning behind the judgement, in much the same way as the modern law reportsRead MoreBusiness Management Exam Essay1476 Words   |  6 PagesQUESTION 1 Assuming that managers don’t make the same decisions as shareholders/owners, the conflict between shareholders and managers is identical to conflict arising when a principle hires an agent to take actions on the principal behalf, but these decisions are not profit maximizing for principals but are based on opportunistic (self-interest) behavior of agents. In public corporations we face an additional agency problem, in which top executives are not hired by shareholders but by a boardRead MoreLaw of Contract Essay1349 Words   |  6 PagesLaw of Contract Kajai, a cafà © proprietor hired a dish washing machine from Long for use in the cafà © at a rental of $10 per week. In January 1991, the local council began extensive roadworks outside the cafà © which made it difficult for people to get to the cafà © and Kajai’s business was seriously affected. At Kajai’s request Long agreed to reduce the rental to $1 per week for 3 months. By the end of the 3 months, the roadworks had been completed but Kajai’s cafà ©Read MoreHuman Rights Trials And Truth Commissions882 Words   |  4 PagesBooth Walling vehemently oppose the impression that transitional societies are obligated with selecting between ‘truth’ and ‘justice’, especially that truth commissions are an executable surrogate strategy to human rights trials. They advocate for a conjunctive application of ‘truth’, through truth commissions, and ‘justice’, through human rights trials, for engineering a sterling post-conflict society. Sikkink and Booth Walling further affirm against transitional justice mechanisms being a dichotomyRead MoreAn Explanation Of A Case On The Law Of The Existence Of An Agreement Between The Testator And The1337 Words   |  6 PagesTo deny the existence of an agreement between the testator and the intended trustee would be to commit a fraud, and, providing the trust complies with the requisite conditions, unrealistic to uphold a strict reading of statute to allow the trust to fail. As previously stated, another equitable principle says ‘equity follows the law’ – in the event of conflict, equity may circumvent the common law but it does not seek to override it. It only intervenes if there is a risk of an unconscionable resultRead MoreThe European Union ( Eu )861 Words   |  4 PagesBelgium and Luxembourg. Its initial rationale was that the previous two European wars had been due to economic competition between nations, and then this thus caused overly aggressive fear of the territorial aspirations of neighbouring nations. . Many influential politicians believed that the peaceful pacification of the states would fade away the nationalistic conflict, and thus Robert Schuman, who was the time s current French Foreign Minister, drew up the Schuman Plan, which was an imposition

Marketing & Entrepreneurship Woolworths †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Entrepreneurship Woolworths. Answer: Introduction Marketing can be defined as a business function that deals with the customer. It aims at creating, communicating and delivering superior value to the consumer. It enhances customer relationship to create mutual benefit for the companies and customers. Amarketing plan can be described as a comprehensive document containing information about marketing objectives, current opportunities and threats in the marketing, trends prevailing in the market and intended marketing strategy of the firm. The knowledge gained from the market analysis should be demonstrated in the marketing plan of the firm (Kotler, et al., 2015). This report analyses key aspects of the marketing plan of the supermarket division of Woolworth Group Australia.s Company Background Products description Woolworths Australia is one of the leading companies in Australia. It has the presence over Australian and News land markets. The company was established in 1924 by Percy Christmas, Stanley Chatterton, George Street, Cecil Scott Waine and Ernest Williams. Woolworth group own some of the most trusted brands in the nation. These brands are majorly classified under three segments Woolworths food group, endeavour drinks and portfolio business. The company has a team of 205,000 members to serve approximately 29 million customers worldwide (Woolworths, 2017). Woolworths supermarket is a major business division of the company, with 955 stores in the largest supermarket chain in the country. The company provides fresh foods to customers with partnering from Australian farmers and growers (Woolworths, 2017). The supermarket consists of a variety of products. Major product segmentation of the company includes fruits vegetables, meat seafood, bakery products, dairy products eggs, pantry, fre ezer, drinks, liquor, tobacco, pet, baby, health beauty and household (Woolworths, 2017).The company keeps on upgrading project portfolio satisfying its customers. SWOT analysis SWOT can be defined as strategic analysis and strategy development framework. SWOT stands for strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats (Ferrell and Hartline, 2010). SWOT analysis for Woolworth is done as follows: Strengths The key strengths of the company are listed as follows: Established in Australia since a very long time Woolworths is present in the Australian markets for over 90 years. It is the major strength of the company. Being the market player since a long time the company holds details about Australian markets and consumers. Talented Skilled workforce The company has a strong database of a talented workforce. It has a team of around 205,000 skilled and talented employees. Good Reputation The company has a well-developed brand image. Woolworths is a popular name in Australian households. The companys objective to provide fresh food produced by locals also adds to the brand recognition of the company. The company is also engaged in various CSR activities for the development of communities, which lays a positive impact on the brand image of the company. Big market share Woolworths and Coles are two major market players of the Australian markets. They occupy almost 80 per cent of the market together in the year 2013 (Mortimer, 2013). It is a kind of duopoly in the Australian markets. Wide variety of products and services The company has a diverse product portfolio that it offers to the customers. It keeps on making alternations to the product and services according to the changes in customer preferences. Weakness Although the company does not have many weaknesses few weaknesses of the company are listed below: Less international exposure The company has presence only in Australian and News land markets. In todays globalized world the company lacks international exposure. The companys entry into online markets was late The companys entry into online markets was very late. This led the firm losing its competitive advantage. Large scale operations slowed the process of change As the firm grew in size it became difficult to implement changes. The process of implementing changes slowed down because now the firm has a larger area to implement those changes. Opportunities The opportunities presented in an external environment that company can grasp are listed below: Expansion opportunities in the international market The companies have opportunities for further expansion in international markets. The markets of countries with emerging economy provide the firm with great opportunities. Asian countries China and India are among the most attractive options to the countries for expansion. According to the reports, the company has identified these opportunities and looking for the expansion (Williams, 2013). Company can opt for better strategic alternatives The company can opt for better strategic alternatives to strengthen the online retail segment and customer base. The online retailing segment of the company in Australian markets in under penetrated and needs improvements. This segment holds high growth potential. Threats The major threats that exist in external markets of the company are: Increased competition New market players have entered Australian markets. Aldi is a major company that is given tough competition to Woolworths and Coles. The government is also not in the favor of duopoly, thus trying to reduce entry barriers I the industry. The current policy of government will increase the competition in Australian markets. Economic down turns in Australia In the recent times, the Australian economy is facing downturns. It has resulted in reducing the buying power of the customer. The Australian customer is becoming more prices sensitive. This can result in reducing profit margins for the company. Marketing objectives Marketing objectives are a part of the marketing plan. These are the goals that marketing plan aims to achieve (Ritter, 2014). The firm has two broad marketing objectives: The company aims to deliver fresh foods to its customers produced by local farmers and manufacturers. The company has an objective that its customer places it at first position (Woolworth, 2017). Target Market The target market of the firm is the focused that segments that firm selects for catering. A firm divides its market into various segments. It cannot satisfy and cater the needs of each segment; therefore it is important for the firm to select the few segments towards which it can aim its marketing efforts. These selected segments are known as target markets (Boone and Kurtz, 2015). Woolworths market consists of B2B customers. It tries to cater the needs of households of all the age groups. The targeted customer base of the company demands products for daily needs. They do not want to spend much time on choosing regular products. The target market needs easy and comfortable shopping experience. The company aims to deliver fresh food products to its target market segment. Marketing strategy The company adopts various strategies to increase its market share. Some of the strategies are discussed here. Advertisements of offers and promotion of the products by celebrities helped the firm to expand its market share (Weebly, 2017). This strategy has helped the company in past but recently the company has adopted a fresh approach to its marketing strategy. The company has decided to advertise covering the massive media platform including all types of media to reach 80 per cent of the grocery buyers in Australia within the week. The uniqueness in the strategy is that the firm has now decided to advertise from customers perspective rather than the companys perspective. They have started using consumers language and changed the name to Woolies from Woolworths for advertising. The marketing strategy of the firm aims to create emotional connections with the people. The marketing strategy is the firm is not only price focused. It aims to demonstrate a brand image that delivers quali ty and convenience at low prices. It displays itself as a brand that works for the betterment of the communities. This fresh approach in the marketing strategy has been adopted by intensive research on the customers and markets (Canning, 2016). According to the report of AFN (2015) marketing strategy of Woolworths Australia focuses on three key aspects Improving the offer that company provides to customers so that the consumers keep the company their first choice. Growth by innovating the products and services to meet the changing needs of customers The next focus is on further enhancing the value provided to the customer by implementing the Lean Retail model. Overall the companys marketing strategy will now focus on providing more innovation and better compelling offers to the customers at lower prices. Marketing Mix Marketing mix of the company can be defined as the set of marketing tools that are used to seek desired responses from the target market. There are basically four elements of the marketing mix product, price, place, and promotion (Khan, 2014). Product Woolworth super market has a diverse product portfolio. It focuses mainly on the grocery products. The firm not only provides a variety of products but also provides the quality products to the consumers. The major product segments of the supermarket are fruits vegetables, meat seafood, bakery products, dairy products eggs, pantry, freezer, drinks, liquor, tobacco, pet, baby, health beauty and household. The company aims to provide fresh foods to its customers by partnering with local manufacturers and farmers. Price Previously the firm has a duopoly in the market, so the prices were bit high. According to the recent changes in the study, the firm has decided to keep its prices low for attracting more customers and remain in the completion. Recently entered market players have kept their prices low therefore the firm was losing its market share. So the firm decided to adopt the strategy of competitive prices (Mitchell, 2015). Place As per the place the firm has a strong presence in the Australian markets. It has around 995 stores across Australia. It also provides the facility of online shopping. This helps the firms to reach every potential customer across the nation. The company also has a world class supply chain that ensures timely availability of the products. Promotion Promotion is the key marketing tool of the company. The firm has an effective promotion mix. It uses every kind of media platform for promoting its products. The company also launches various time to offers to attract the customers. Recent evidence show that the company is including digital marketing as a part of its product mix. Recommendations Recommendations for Woolworth Australia are given below: After analyzing the recent trends in the Australian markets it can be suggested to the firms should keep a close eye on its competitor. It should analyze every activity of its competitors and frame its strategy accordingly The firm must aim to cut the cost in any manner to sustain the competitive advantage in the market. The firm can cut the cost by mass production or acquisitions. They should also effectively communicate the message of lower prices to its customers. The firm should analyze opportunities in markets other than Australia. International expansion can create a backup for the firm if it faces the downfall in Australian markets. It should focus on utilizing technology in its operations. Technology based technological options such as Big Data analytics, accounting software packages and stock management software can increase the efficiency of the firm. It will also reduce the need for human staff so they can be utilized The company should also provide training to its employees so that they contribute to making customers shopping experience easy and relaxing. Conclusion It can be concluded that company has a big established player in Australian markets. Its core businesses are divided into three major segments Woolworths food group, endeavor drinks, and portfolio business. The focus of the report is in the supermarket segment of the company. The company held a dominant position in the market along with its competitor Coles. But recent changes in government policy have resulted in the removal of entry barriers in the industry. This has increased the competition in for the firm in the industry. It has been noticed that firm is losing its market share. The key arising competitor for the firm is Aldi. Aldi is the growing firm in Australian markets snatching the market share from Coles and Woolworth. Aldi is successful in doing so because of its lower prices. To deal with the changes the firm has also shifted the focus of its marketing strategy towards providing innovative products to the customers at lower prices. The firms major strength is that it is an old established brand name in the Australian market and holds details about Australian markets. The company also has a well-developed marketing mix. Few recommendations are also suggested for the firm to grow in coming future. References AFN, 2015. Woolworths announces new strategies to win over grocery shoppers AFN reveals full detail, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/2015/05/06/woolworths-announces-new-strategies-to-win-over-grocery-shoppers-afn-reveals-full-detail.html Boone, L.E. and Kurtz, D.L., 2015.Contemporary marketing. Cengage learning. Canning, S., 2016. Its all about the customer: Woolworths top marketer on its new brand campaign, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://mumbrella.com.au/woolies-marketer-says-refresh-380223 Ferrell, O.C. and Hartline, M., 2010.Marketing strategy. Cengage Learning. Holden, R., Carmignani, F., Dixon, J., Guest, R., and Makin, T., 2015. Australias economy is slowing: what you need to know. The Conversation, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://theconversation.com/australias-economy-is-slowing-what-you-need-to-know-47036 Khan, M.T., 2014. The concept of'marketing mix'and its elements (a conceptual review paper).International journal of information, business and management,6(2), p.95. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L. and Armstrong, G., 2015. Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Mitchell, S., 2015. Woolworths kicks off new marketing campaign. The Sydney Moring Herald, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/woolworths-kicks-off-new-marketing-campaign-20151019-gkd4dl.html Mortimer, G., 2013. FactCheck: do Coles and Woolies control 80% of the market?, The Conversation, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://theconversation.com/factcheck-do-coles-and-woolies-control-80-of-the-market-15418 Rice, J., and Nigel, M 2017. Company results: how competition is transforming Australias retail sector. The Conversation, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://theconversation.com/company-results-how-competition-is-transforming-australias-retail-sector-72844 Ritter, J., 2014. What is the role of marketing in strategic planning?.The Business Management Review,4(4), p.88. Weebly, 2017. Marketing Strategy , viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://orreconomics.weebly.com/marketing-strategy.html Williams, K., 2013. Woolies looking at global expansion. The Weekend Australian, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/latest/woolworths-q3-sales-up-25/news-story/f4afa176dd5df2f08578408b55dbbdc3 Woolsworts, 2017. About us, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/ Woolworths, 2017. Strategy and objectives, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/our-approach/strategy-and-objectives/ Woolworths, 2017. Welcome to Woolworths, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://www.woolworths.com.au/ Woolworths, 2017. Woolworths Supermarkets, viewed on 2 August 2017 from https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/our-brands/supermarkets/Woolworths

What are the religious and ethical considerations to the issue of euthanasia Essay Example

What are the religious and ethical considerations to the issue of euthanasia Essay The word euthanasia originated from the Greek language; eu means good and thantos means death. One meaning given to the word is the intentional termination of life by another at the explicit request of the person who dies. The term euthanasia normally implies that the act must be initiated by the person who wishes to commit suicide. There are many different types of euthanasia these are: passive euthanasia which is the hastening of a persons death by altering some form of support and letting nature take its course e.g. removing life support equipment. Another form of euthanasia is active euthanasia; this involves causing the death of a person through a direct action, in response to a request from that person. A well known example was the mercy killing in 1998 of a patient with ALS by Dr. Jack Kevorkian, a Michigan physician.There is also physician assisted suicide, this is where a physician supplies information / or the means of committing suicide e.g. a prescription for a lethal dos e of sleeping pills, or a supply of carbon monoxide gas.Involuntary euthanasia which seems to cause the most outrage is where the killing of a person takes place in which the person has not explicitly requested aid in dying. This is most often done to patients who are in a persistent vegetative state and will probably never recover.Euthanasia raises both moral and religious issues. These issues can affect both the suffering individual and the person who carries out the termination.An Issue which kuhse brought up which relates to both passive and active euthanasia is what is the distinction between killing and letting die?Some may see the distinction being the person who kills causes death whereas the person does nothing is simply letting nature run its course.Glover stated that when looking at this distinction it is necessary to look at the degree to which they are expensive, unusual, difficult, and painful or dangerous. These are called ordinary and extraordinary means.The main arg ument is argument of the santicty of life approach against the autonomy of the individual. The church believes that life is sacred and dissagrees will any of the following crimes against life such as murder , suicide,abortion etc. God gave life to us as a gift and which we are called apon to preserve it and make it fruitful'(decalaration on Euthanasia,1980) Human life is a gift from God. We are stewards of this gift, not owners. It is our responsibility to nurture it, respect it, and protect it. Human life has value regardless of its nature or quality. Life has special dignity and worth. Human life is a trust and not a personal possession over which we have full control. No one can claim total mastery over ones own life or anothers life. Every innocent human being is absolutely equal to all others. This equality is the basis of all authentic social relationships and can only be founded on truth and justice, recognizing and protecting every man and woman as a person and not as an obj ect to be used. God alone has sovereignty over life and death. The taking of ones life is not a human right and intentionally causing death is a rejection of Gods sovereignty over life.To take someones life opposes gods love for that person , and rejects the duty of the person to live according to gods plan. The catholic church makes it clear that it is wrong to ask someone to assist your death , as it questions the violation of the divine law. It is an offence against the dignity of the human person and a crime against humanity. The church believes we do not have the freedom to decide wiether we live or die as it is gods choice and only his.We were made for his purpose and we should fulfil that purpose through life.According to the catechism of the catholic church an act of omission which , of itself or by intention , causes death in order to eliminate suffering constitutes to a murder gravely contrary to the dignity of the human person and to the respect due to the living God, hi s creator. Here the church once again expresses that any form of killing is deemed as wrong.Even in the modern catholic view is against euthanasia . Pope paul the second 1995, in the evangelium vitae quotes Euthanasia must be called a false mercy, and indeed a disturbing perversion of mercy. This showing the modern negative view.The docturine of faith quotes life as being something sacred and the argument is shown clearly in the story of creation (Genisis 1-2:4)The main argument put up against this is the autonomy (Argued for by john stuart mill , utilitarian) John stuart argues that I matters that do not concern others , individuals should have complete autonomy . Which is the idea that the person has compelete control over what happen to their body life as well as death.Utilitarianists believe autonomy is a liberty of action .Autonomy is defined as the absence of the use of force or the threat of force to make someone do what they would otherwise be unwilling to do. They argue tha t it is a freedom of choice. Autonomy is defined as the presence of options. Mill: liberty of action and thought are needed for happiness since such liberty develops requisite intellectual traits and character traits .Autonomy not a fundamental value or first principle (as for Kant) but is an indispensable means to the end of happiness .Autonomy involves a person choosing their own plans for life, making their own decisions without manipulation by others And it exercises firmness and self control in acting on their decisions.The author of such books as final exit quoted the right to choose to die when in advanced terminal or hopeless illness is the ultimate civil liberty. Derek HumphryAdvocate for voluntary euthanasia argue that this should be an option for any competent adult.Quality of life argument links in with the autonomy argument as people say that human beings should be able and have the right to live dignified lives and so the ends of their lives should be dignified too. T hey say it isnt a matter of pain Many argue the fact that euthanaisa maintains quality of life . They argue that humans have the right to live dignified lives aswell as dignified ends. This isnt a matter of pain but self respect. If the standard of a person is such that they no longer want to continue it then they should be able to end their lives.Having control over their lives is seen to enhance human dignity .People who support the concept of euthanasia may look at the QOL (Quality of life ) of the individual when deciding if a person should go ahead with euthanasia. This ultiltarian approach takes into account the possible length of life , the patients state of mind, the resources needed and available and the amount of suffering that they are experencing .People take this view on euthanasia as they believe a person should be able to die in a pain free and dignified way. In america in the medical proffesion they used a system called (QALYS) quality adjusted life year schedules. T his enables doctors to asses the QOL of the patient in terms of the number of valuable years left to the person.Most people would like to imagin their family members and ourselves having the least painful death and some argue this for a reason to make euthanasia legal. Euthanaisa shows mercy for those suffereing with intolerable pain from an incureable disease. The humanist Thomas More (1478-1535) argued that when a patient suffers a tourturing pain , so that there is no hope , either of recovery or ease they may choose to die since they cannot bear to live in misery. Euthanasia is a merciful opportunity to end uneccesary suffering.The christian belief argues that suffering is not unnecceary but suffering has a special place in Gods plan. Just as Jesus died on the cross, and human suffereing at the end of life connects us to the suffering that jesus experienced on the cross. This doesnt mean that catholics cannot take pain killers and should activily seek pain, but it does grant suf fering the possiblility of having a positive effect on the individual . It provides that final chance to get as close to god before you die. Thomos wood stated suffering can have moral effects and can have a meaning in the context of a life lived in faith.There is now understood to be a difference in the way the line is drawn between ordinary and extraordinary means by medical science on the one hand, and moral theology on the other. In medicine, a means is ordinary which is scientifically established, statistically successful, and reasonably available. If any of these conditions is lacking, the means is considered to be extraordinary. In moral theology, a means is ordinary if it is beneficial, useful or not unreasonably burdensome (physically or psychologically) to the person. The docturine of faith(1980) gives us the best idea of the churchs view on ordinary and extra ordinary means. The docturine of faith defines medical treatment into two different ways, which are proportionate and disproportionate. An example of this would be if the action on the patient was relativly pain free and would definitly provide a better quality of life for the patient it would be seen to be proportionate. But if the action prooved to be painful and would not quarentee a better quality of life it is seen to be dispropotionate.The catechism of the catholic church believes that discontinuing medical procedures that are burdensome, dangerous, extraordinary or disproportionate to the expected outcome can be legitimate meaning the church believes that refusing this extraordinary act can be seen justifiable. An example of this would be a person being kept alive through artificial means such as a life support.The church also accepts the double affect law.The double effect argument links in with the beliefs in ordinary and extra ordinary means.This argument stresses greatly that there is a huge difference between foreseeing an event and directly willing it to happen. Christians believe that in certain cases the double effect argument can be justifiable.For example if the death is caused by drugs which were intended to relieve pain then this is not seen as deliberate killing because as the docturine of faith (1980) expresses death is in no way intended or sought , even if the risk of it is reasonably takenMany ethical views are held among the church and outside of it. Such views as Kants deontological view are very similar to the church. When referring to the subject of suicide Kant quotes I cannot, therefore, dispose in any way of a man in my own person so as to mutilate him, damage him or kill him Kant believes that using death as a means of escape of suffering is always morally wrong.Ethicists that agree with the churches views on the sanctity of life and other Christian arguments are Germain Grisez and Joseph M Boyle Jr. They challenge the basic assumptions of pro euthanasia such as the assumption that there is a distinction between bodily life and personal lif e. In other words they reject the view that one can cease to be a person and yet still be bodily alive. They reject the view that it is the distinctively human component which is not yet present in the unborn or newly born and which is lost irreversibly comatose. The absence of their personal component is what makes one a candidate for euthanasia. The human being is one and bodily life is good in itself. They also reject the consequentialist position that consequences determine the rightness or wrongness of human actions. Anscombre expressed the christian belief well and stated the distinction between the intended , and the merely foreseen , effects of a volunatry action is indeed absolutely essential to christian ethics..Daniel c maguire agrees with the Griez and Boyle as far as life should be considered sacred yet Maquire has a proportionists position Maguire believes that life is a basic but not an absolute good. One is bound to respect life , but no one is obligated to prolong it in evry circumstance. He also argues that issues such as euthansia can only be handeled adequetly within the broad context of complete ethical theory. Maguire rejects the idea of a kind of fatalistic theism which forbidsexpanding the human domain over dying because the time of death is organised by God alone this implies humans are gods property. If we should not intervene then medicibe should be immoral, there is no essential difference between ending life and preserving it. Termanating life under certain circumstances may be good so long as a greater good than phsical life is being served.Another scholar who takes a utilitarian approach to the subject of euthanasia is Rachels. Rachels states It would seem , therefor , that , at least on a theoretical level , we cannot rule out the possibility that direct active euthanasia might I exceptional cases be justified Rachels gives a case in favour of active euthanasia on the grounds that passive euthanasia is often seen to be acepta ble. Rachels belief is that because the outcomes are both the same the person dies the morality of both of these forms cannot be distinguished. Rachels also believes that there is no moral significance between killing and letting someone die. Because the motives and concequences are both the same wether it be active or passive.Many people who agree with euthanasia are more likely to go against the churches absolutest view and go in favour of the idea of the right of automony as it is left up to the responsiblilty of the person who it concerns.This may be true in certain places , and we are aware that euthanasia takes place even though it is not legal but in the eyes of the law it is not left up to the person.The law causes problems when euthanaisa come in to play as it is still seen as sucide in some places, and as sucide is a crime it is against the law to commit euthanasia. The law sees it as to kill another person dilibertly is murder , even if the person involved asks them. If you assist a sucide it can be punishable for up to 14 years inprisonment ( legal position stated March 2002)It is however legal in holland and is thought upon by the public to be okay. Although others are afraid it will be legalised in britain and fear that if it was made legal , the law would be abused and innocent people would die who didnt want to. Also the dessicion to die not only affects the person but also others around that person such as family and friends.There are also political objections which is that our individual right to autonomy against law must be balanced against the need to make santitiy of life an important , intrinsic and abstract value of the law.Many scholars agree that life is sacred and a gift from god and when making life and death descions they should be though out and handleled with extra special care.Singer another person who takes a utilitarian approach towards euthanasia Is one of many scholars who agree with the autonomous view. Singer srgues that h umans have certain rights and if nessceray they should be allowed to make their own descions on life and death. Singer sees it as an essential part of having human rights and as he states one can waive ones rights if one so chooses. He also argues that if a person wishes to die then they should be given respect from others and if nesscecary others should help assist. Singer uses the QOL argument to qualify his belief that euthanasia should be seen to be aceptable upon defective infants and people with serious mental illesses. Singer goes against Griez ad Boyle and says that infants and people with mental illnesses such as brain stem damage lack the rationality , autonomy and self -conciousness of normal people , therefore killing them cannot be equated with the killingh normal human beings.Scholars such as Curran take a consequentialist approach when dealing with euthanaisa. Curran accepts life as a primordial value and again agrees life is sacred and deserves respect. Curran quote s I agree with the traditional argument against euthanasia that man does not have full domination over his life and therefore cannot postitively interfere to take his life Man does have some domination over the dying process because he can as a matter of fact shorten the time of his dying by not using or discontinuing even readily available means to prolong life. Curran argues that he does not see euthanasia as taking full control of a persons life as the dying process indicates that the human life has reached its limits .Although not all people completely agree with all types of euthanasia , the majority of theses people do argue for voluntary euthanasia. They believe that voluntary euthanaisa is not murder as killing a human that does not want to live is not wrong. It isnt wrong to help the dying to die , because they are actually dyingOther people completely disagree and say that all euthanasia is killing and that killing is forbidden not only in the law but in some religious s criptures. In the Hebrew scriptres (The old testement) the sixth commandment states Thou shall not kill and this is including euthanasia as the christians class it as killing. The prohibitation of killing is a moral absolute of christianity , judaism and islam..The churches view has always stated that it wrong to kill a human being as stated in these quotes: it is never licit to kill another: even if he should wish it, indeed if he request it, hanging between life and death nor is it licit even when a sick person is no longer able to live. St. AugustineAs well as moral and religious views there are many practical issues that are taken into account.If euthanasia were to be legalised many people would be outraged for a number of issus such as : Some are worried that the system will be abused and just as people will have control over their lives they will also have control over others lives and what they see to be qualitive or not. Would elderly relatives who think they are burdens to their families want to be euthanasised? J Glover (1977) notes that people in these situations sometimes commit suicide.On the other hand they could be presseured into asking to be euthinased by family or friends due to things such as money or housing. Lord McColl , the professor of surgery at Guys Hospital , london said there was evidence from the netherlands to show that the current practice of euthanasia is out of control .Advocates of the right to die often point to Holland as a model for how doctor -assisted voluntary euthanasia for terminally ill patients can work without abuse. Yet people still have doubts.Kuhse agrees that the the following concern could take place in our society if euthanasia were to be legalised.The wedge argument ( or slippery slope argument ) maintains that euthanasia is the thin end of the wedge that once one accepts this principle, the door is open for all sorts of other procedures and abuses including infanticide. The argument is that euthanasia invo lves crossing a line and once this line crossed the consequences are unforseeable.Oderberg states his view as It is a mistake to claim that we are at the edge of a slippery slope to mass murder . we are on that slope, one that has already traversed by other societies . This time however , we have technologhy and expertise far in advance of anything of the nazisThe euthanasia debate is strongly influenced on what is the quality of life.Another argument against euthanasia by the sanctity of life supporters have put up is that the nazi extermenation is a terrible example of what can happen once we give the state the power to kill innocent human beings.Singers argues against the use of the nazi analogy as he says it is misleading and the sanctity of human life argument collapses as soon as they are questioned , it is the refusal to accept euthanasia which , in some cases , is horrific.Another problem that may arise if euthanasia were to be legalised is mistakes. Can we be sure that mi stakes wil not occur ? Suppose someone chooses death because they have been diagnosed with a fatal incurable and painful illness. Then after the person has been euthanased , it becomes apparnt that the diagnosis was incorrect (hooker 1997) Even if we could ensure that mistakes would not take place the worry of how it will affect moral issues such as religion in the medical system. For example is a catholic doctor were to practise euthanasia they would be completley going against all there own beliefs this may lead to refusals from doctors to partake.Worries such as how would the doctors come to the conclusion that someone should be euthanased? How many doctors would it take to determine the QOL of the person.Singer beleieves there should be two independent witnesses at the even , but two people can still make mistakes.People have different views on what happens after life ends. Some like Dr Kervorkians Mercitron believe that merely just rot. Athesists will have very different attitu des towards euthanasia compared with a catholic. A Catholic believes that when they die its is their time to go and that God is calling them to be with him in heaven.And although euthanasia offers a way out that is your own descions and pain free others such as catholics and other faiths may find it dignified to have an undecided death and will take any pain that comes with it .The isssue of euthanasia will always cause moral and religious arguments both for and against it is a persons own desion to believe in what they feel is right and the best way to handle a situation. We must all respect the fact that people have difference of opinions and choices and we should do whatever we can to help situations and offer hope and reasurrance in are own way.